Logics. Rules for the terms of a simple categorical syllogism (the most important)

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Logics. Rules for the terms of a simple categorical syllogism (the most important)

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43. RULES OF TERMS OF A SIMPLE CATEGORICAL SILLOGISM

From true premises, a true conclusion can be obtained only if the rules of the syllogism are observed. There are seven of these rules: three pertain to terms and four pertain to premises.

1st rule: a syllogism must have only three terms. The conclusion in a syllogism is based on the ratio of two extreme terms to the middle, so it cannot have less or more than three terms. Violation of this rule is associated with the identification of different concepts, which are taken as one and considered as a middle term. This error is based on a violation of the requirements of the law of identity and is called quadrupling terms. It is impossible, for example, to obtain a conclusion from the premises: “Laws are not created by people” and “A law is a normative act adopted by the highest body of state power,” because instead of three terms we are dealing with four: in the first premise we mean objective laws that exist independently of the consciousness of people, in the second - legal law established by the state. These are two different concepts that cannot be connected by extreme terms.

2st rule: the middle term must be distributed in at least one of the premises. If the middle term is not distributed in any of the premises, then the relationship between the extreme terms remains uncertain. For example, in the premises “Some lawyers (M) are members of the bar (P)”, “All employees of our team (S) are lawyers (M)” the middle term (M) is not distributed in the larger premise, since it is the subject of a private judgment, and is not distributed in a minor premise as a predicate of an affirmative judgment. Therefore, the middle term is not distributed in any of the premises. In this case, the necessary connection between the extreme terms (S and P) cannot be established.

3rd rule: a term not distributed in the premise cannot be distributed in the conclusion. Eg:

"Moral norms (M) are not sanctioned by the state (P).

Moral norms (M) - forms of social regulation (S).

Some forms of social regulation (S) are not sanctioned by the state (P).

The minor term (S) is undistributed in the premise (as the predicate of an affirmative proposition), so it is also undistributed in the conclusion (as the subject of a partial proposition). This rule prohibits making a conclusion with a distributed subject in the form of a general judgment ("No form of social regulation is sanctioned by the state"). The error associated with the violation of the rule of distribution of extreme terms is called illegal extension of a lesser (or greater) term.

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