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20. LOGICAL STRUCTURE OF JUDGMENTS
The following elements can be distinguished in the judgment: subject, predicate, connective and quantifier.
The subject of judgment is the concept of the subject of judgment, what we judge; it contains the original knowledge. The subject is indicated by the letter S.
A predicate is the concept of an attribute of an object, what is said about the subject of judgment. The predicate contains new knowledge about the subject and is denoted by the letter Р. The subject and predicate are called in terms of judgment.
A copula expresses the relationship between the subject and the predicate.
The connective unites the terms of the judgment into a single whole, establishing whether or not the attribute belongs to the object.
A link can be expressed in one word (is, essence, is) or a group of words, or a dash, or a simple agreement of properties ("The dog barks", "It's raining").
quantifier or quantifier word ("all", "none", "some"), characterizes a judgment in terms of its quantity, indicates the relationship of the judgment to the entire volume of the concept expressing the subject, or to its part.
To reveal the logical meaning of a sentence, it is necessary to find a subject and a predicate in it. In simple cases, they correspond to the subject and predicate. In complex sentences, the subject can be expressed by the subject group, and the predicate - by the predicate group. For example, in the sentence "Anyone who has benefited from a crime is guilty of committing it" the subject is the subject group: "anyone who has benefited from the crime" because this is the initial information, and the predicate is the predicate group: "guilty in its commission", since this is new information.
But the correspondence of the subject with the subject, the predicate with the predicate is not always observed. In the sentence "An outstanding Russian writer is Sholokhov" the subject is "an outstanding Russian writer" and the predicate is "Sholokhov". The subject and predicate can also be expressed by other members of the sentence.
There are a number of ways to identify the subject and predicate in a sentence. First, we can specifically single out the subject of the judgment, which is the subject of the sentence. For example, "The place where the lawyer Petrov will speak is the court." In this sentence, the subject is the subject, which is emphasized by the introductory sentence. Secondly, the order of words in a sentence must obey the rule: everything known in the judgment is shifted towards the subject at the beginning of the sentence, and the predicate, as a carrier of novelty, is placed at the end. Thirdly, you can use logical stress. In oral speech, it is expressed by amplifying the voice, and in writing by underlining. Finally, it is very important to consider the context, which comes to the rescue in particularly difficult cases.
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