Logics. Types of analogy. Analogy of objects and analogy of relationships (most important)

Free technical library

Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Free library / Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Logics. Types of analogy. Analogy of objects and analogy of relationships (most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Comments on the article

Table of contents (expand)

63. TYPES OF ANALOGY. ANALOGY OF OBJECTS AND ANALOGY OF RELATIONS

By the nature of the objects being compared There are two types of analogy:

1) analogy of objects and 2) analogy of relationships.

1. Analogy of objects - a conclusion in which the object of assimilation is two similar single objects, and the transferred sign - properties of these items.

If we denote two single objects or events with the symbols a and b, and P, Q, S, T are their signs, then the conclusion by analogy can be represented by the following scheme:

and are inherent in P, Q, S, T;

b inherent P, Q, S;

b is inherent in T.

An example of such an analogy is the explanation in the history of physics of the mechanism of light propagation. When physics faced the question of the nature of light motion, the Dutch physicist and mathematician of the XNUMXth century. Huygens, based on the similarity of light and sound in such properties as their rectilinear propagation, reflection, refraction and interference, likened light motion to sound and came to the conclusion that light also has a wave nature.

The logical basis for the transfer of attributes in analogies of this kind is the similarity of likened objects in a number of their properties.

2. Relationship analogy - a conclusion in which the object of assimilation is a similar relationship between two pairs of objects, and the transferred attribute - properties of these relations.

For example, two pairs of persons x and y, m and n are in the following relationships:

1) x is the father (relation R1) of y’s minor son;

2) m is the grandfather (R2 ratio) and the only relative of the minor grandson n;

3) it is known that in the case of parental relations (R1) the father is obliged to support his minor child. Taking into account a certain similarity between the relations R1 and R2, we can conclude that R2 is also characterized by the noted property, namely, the obligation of the grandfather to support the grandson in a certain situation. The conclusion by analogy of relations can be represented by the following scheme:

1) xR1y R1 are inherent in P, Q, S, T;

2) mR2y R2 inherent P, Q, S.

Apparently, R2 is inherent in T.

When turning to the analogy of relations, one should keep in mind the peculiarities of this conclusion and not confuse it with conclusions based on the analogy of objects. If in the latter two individual events or phenomena are likened, then in the first the objects themselves are not compared and may not even allow for likening. Assimilating the relation between x and y to the relation between m and n does not mean that x must be similar to m and y must be similar to n. It is important that the relationship between the first pair of objects (mR1n) be similar to the relationship between the objects of the second pair (mR2n). An incorrect understanding of conclusions based on the analogy of relations sometimes leads to a logical error, the essence of which is the unfounded identification not of relations (R1 and R2), but of the objects themselves: x is identified with m, and y with n.

<< Back: Inference by analogy: essence and logical structure

>> Forward: Types of analogy. Validity of conclusions by analogy of relations. Strict and non-strict analogy

We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:

▪ ENT diseases. Crib

▪ Statistics. Crib

▪ History of political and legal doctrines. Crib

See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven 09.05.2024

Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>

Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5 09.05.2024

Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

Random news from the Archive

Honda is phasing out diesel cars 27.09.2019

Japanese automaker Honda has announced that it is going to completely stop selling diesel versions of its cars in Europe as early as 2021. The announcement comes just months after the company announced plans to switch the European market to exclusively hybrid and electric models by 2025.

Initially, Honda planned to increase the share of electric vehicles and hybrids in the structure of its European sales to 66% by 2025. However, the EU's negative attitude towards dieselgate has markedly reduced the popularity of "dirty" cars and increased the popularity of greener cars accordingly. Also, the situation was influenced by new, more stringent emission standards, which force manufacturers to underestimate the power and dynamics of internal combustion engines in order to meet the standards.

Apparently, with the help of the statement about the imminent end of diesel engines, Honda decided to abstract from the automakers involved in the "dieselgate". The company already has a serial Honda e electric car, the sale of which will start in the summer of 2020, and it will also not be too big a problem to offer hybrid versions in the European market, so there is no need to talk about significant losses for the automaker.

In recent years, almost all major automakers have announced plans to gradually abandon the development and production of internal combustion engines. Daimler (Mercedes-Benz) did this recently, Volkswagen did it at the end of last year, Volvo did it even earlier, and so on.

In turn, similar statements are made by cities and entire countries, including India, Denmark, Sweden, Israel, the Netherlands, China, Germany, Great Britain, France, Norway, etc.

Other interesting news:

▪ Obesity Vaccine

▪ Electronics will assess the tone of the computer user

▪ The world's first maglev train

▪ Cyborg bugs instead of drones

▪ Robotic furniture from IKEA

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the site Microcontrollers. Article selection

▪ Homer article. Famous aphorisms

▪ article What holiday decorations were originally sweet and edible? Detailed answer

▪ article Olympic knot. Travel Tips

▪ article Autonomous 32-channel programmable light-dynamic device with a serial interface. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Scheme, pinout (pinout) of cable for Ericsson T2688 phones. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews