Logics. Scientific induction. Induction by selection (most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Free library / Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Logics. Scientific induction. Induction by selection (most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Table of contents (expand)

56. SCIENTIFIC INDUCTION. INDUCTION BY SELECTION

Scientific induction is an inference in which a generalization is built by selecting the necessary and excluding random circumstances.

Depending on the methods of research, induction is distinguished by the method of selection (selection) and exclusion (elimination).

Induction by selection, or selective induction- this is an inference in which the conclusion about the belonging of a feature to a class (set) is based on knowledge about a sample (subset) obtained by methodically selecting phenomena from various parts of this class.

If in a popular generalization one proceeds from the assumption of a uniform distribution of the attribute P in the class K and thereby allows its transfer to K with simple repetition (Si, S2, Sn), then in scientific induction K is a non-uniform set with a non-uniform distribution of P in its various parts.

When forming a sample, one should diversify the conditions of observation. The selection of P from the various parts of K must take into account their specificity, weight and significance in order to ensure the representativeness, or representativeness, of the sample.

An example of induction by the selection method is the following discussion about a variety of winter wheat sown in one of the regions of Russia. So, when driving along a highway crossing one of the southern regions, it is noted along the way that in several regions (for example, in six) the fields are sown with the same variety of winter wheat. If, on this basis, one generalizes that the same variety is sown in all 25 districts, and therefore in the entire region, then it is obvious that such a popular induction will give an unlikely conclusion.

It is a different matter if the choice of the same number of districts is made not by chance, along the way, but taking into account differences in their location and climatic conditions. If the selected areas are southern and northern, inland and peripheral, steppe and forest-steppe, and at the same time the repeatability of the variety is established, then it can be assumed with a high probability that the entire region uses the same variety of winter wheat.

A reliable conclusion in this case is unlikely to be justified, since the possibility of using a different variety in areas that have not been directly observed is not excluded.

<< Back: Popular induction

>> Forward: Scientific induction. Elimination induction

We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:

▪ Materials Science. Crib

▪ Regional studies. Lecture notes

▪ Economics and sociology of labor. Crib

See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven 09.05.2024

Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>

Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5 09.05.2024

Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

Random news from the Archive

Night light can lead to excess weight 05.12.2022

Turning on the lights at night can affect your meal schedule and add a few inches to your waistline.

According to Ohio State University researcher Laura Fonken, mice that were exposed to low light at night gained 50 percent more weight over an eight-week period than mice that spent their nights in complete darkness.

"In many ways, our society is now running on a 24-hour schedule," Fonken said. These results suggest that such a schedule may affect metabolic function, leading to weight gain.

Hormones that help metabolism affect people exposed to light at night, Fonken said. Night light could reduce the amount of these hormones in mice, and together with a malfunction in the internal clock of mice, could cause them to gain weight.

Mice are nocturnal, so they usually eat at night. But mice living in dim conditions ate 55 percent of their food during the day, compared to mice in standard light-dark conditions, which ate 36 percent of their food during the day. This is evidence that their internal eating schedule has been disrupted due to the change in light, the researchers say.

Mice that were exposed to light at night showed altered feeding behavior, eating more during the resting phase, which may be responsible for the weight gain.

Other interesting news:

▪ Voice genetics: the key to hereditary timbre

▪ Oncologist's mine detector

▪ slow action coffee

▪ Nanotechnology on glass

▪ The value of the Casimir torque is measured

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the website Electrotechnical materials. Article selection

▪ article by Louis Pasteur. Famous aphorisms

▪ article What is quartz? Detailed answer

▪ article Wind turbine. Personal transport

▪ article Installation of car speakers in the doors of the passenger compartment. Part 1. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Flying scarf. Focus Secret

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews