Logics. Direct substantiation of the thesis (most important)

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Logics. Direct substantiation of the thesis (most important)

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74. DIRECT JUSTIFICATION OF THE THESIS

According to the method of proof, two types of substantiation of the put forward position are distinguished: direct and indirect.

Direct is the substantiation of a thesis without resorting to assumptions competing with the thesis..

Direct justification may take the form of deductive reasoning, induction, or analogy, which are used alone or in various combinations.

Deductive justification most often expressed in summing up a particular case under a general rule. The thesis about the belonging or non-belonging of a certain attribute to a specific object or phenomenon is justified by reference to the known laws of science, empirical generalizations, moral or legal prescriptions, to obvious axiomatic provisions or previously accepted definitions. They express these propositions in a larger premise and, relying on them as grounds, judge specific facts, knowledge of which is fixed in a minor premise.

The peculiarity of deductive justification is that if the premises-arguments are true, as well as if the rules of inference are observed, it gives reliable results. The truth of the thesis in this case necessarily follows from the premises. In addition, thanks to the generalizing argument presented in the larger premise, deductive reasoning also performs an explanatory or evaluative function. This enhances the persuasive power of deductive reasoning.

Inductive justification - this is a logical transition from arguments that provide information about individual cases of a certain kind, to a thesis that generalizes these cases.

Inductive justification is often resorted to when analyzing the results of observations and experimental data, when operating with statistical materials. The specificity of inductive justification lies in the fact that, as a rule, actual data act as arguments here. With the right approach to the facts, inductively constructed argumentation has a very high persuasive power.

Justification in the form of an analogy - this is a direct justification of the thesis, in which a statement is formulated about the properties of a single phenomenon. Analogy as a method of justification is used in the natural and social sciences, in technology, and in the practice of ordinary reasoning. Here she gives, as a rule, problematic conclusions. The modeling method in various fields of technology provides logically sound results if theoretically justified similarity criteria are developed. Analogy as a plausible, but the only possible method of justification is resorted to in historical research. Based on the assimilation, the conclusions of experts in fingerprinting, tracing and other types of forensic examinations are built.

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