44. RULES OF PREMISES OF A SIMPLE CATEGORICAL SILLOGISM

1st rule: at least one of the premises must be an affirmative proposition. From two negative premises the conclusion does not necessarily follow. For example, from the premises “Students of our institute (M) do not study biology (P)”, “Employees of the research institute (S) are not students of our institute (M)” it is impossible to obtain the necessary conclusion, since both extreme terms (S and P) are excluded from the average. Therefore, the middle term cannot establish a definite relationship between the extreme terms.

2st rule: if one of the parcels - negative judgment, then the conclusion must be negative. Eg:

A judge who is a relative of the victim (M) cannot participate in the case (P).

Judge K. (S) is a relative of the victim (M).

Judge K. (S) cannot participate in the case (P).

3st rule: at least one of the premises must be a general proposition. From two particular premises the conclusion does not necessarily follow. If both premises are partial affirmative propositions (II), then the conclusion cannot be drawn according to the 2nd rule of terms: in a particular affirmative proposition neither the subject nor the predicate are distributed, therefore the middle term is not distributed in any of the premises. If both premises are partial negative judgments (NP), then the conclusion cannot be drawn according to the 1st rule of premises. If one premise is partial affirmative and the other is partial negative (IO or 0I), then in such a syllogism only one term will be distributed - the predicate of the partial negative judgment. If this term is average, then a conclusion cannot be drawn, since according to the 2nd rule of premises, the conclusion must be negative. But in this case the predicate of the conclusion must be distributed, which contradicts the 3rd rule of terms:

1) the larger term, not distributed in the premise, will be distributed in the conclusion;

2) if the larger term is distributed, then the conclusion does not follow according to the 2nd rule of terms.

4rd rule: if one of the parcels - private judgment, then the conclusion must be private. If one premise is generally affirmative, and the other is particularly affirmative (AI, IA), then only one term is distributed in them - the subject of the generally affirmative judgment. According to the 2nd rule of terms, it must be a middle term. But in this case, the two extreme terms, including the smaller one, will not be distributed. Therefore, according to the 3rd rule of terms, the lesser term will not be distributed in the conclusion, which will be a private judgment. If one of the premises is affirmative and the other is negative, and one of them is particular (EI AO, OA), then two terms will be distributed: the subject and predicate of a general negative judgment (EI) or the subject of a general and the predicate of a particular judgment (AO, OA). But in both cases, according to the 2nd rule of premises, the conclusion will be negative, that is, a judgment with a distributed predicate. And since the second distributed term must be the middle one (2nd rule of terms), the smaller term will ultimately turn out to be undistributed, i.e. the conclusion will be partial.

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