Logics. Division rules (most important)

Free technical library

Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Free library / Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Logics. Division rules (most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Comments on the article

Table of contents (expand)

18. RULES OF DIVISION

Like the definition, the division operation is subject to special rules.

1. Division should be carried out on only one basis. This requirement means that the individual characteristic or set of characteristics chosen initially as the basis should not be replaced by other characteristics during the division. It is correct, for example, to divide the climate into cold, temperate and hot. Dividing it into cold, temperate, hot, maritime and continental will no longer be correct: at first the division was made by average annual temperature, and then by humidity. This error is called cross division or misdivision.

2. The division must be proportionate or exhaustive, i.e. the sum of the volumes of the division terms must be equal to the volume of the concept being divided. This requirement prevents you from omitting individual division terms. If, for example, when dividing crimes depending on the nature and degree of public danger, crimes of minor gravity, moderate gravity and serious crimes are distinguished, then the rule of proportionality will be violated, since another member of the division is not indicated - especially dangerous crimes. This division is called incomplete.

The rule of proportionality will also be violated if extra members of the division are indicated, i.e., concepts that are not species of this genus. For example, if, when dividing the concept of "criminal punishment", in addition to all types, a warning is indicated that is not included in the list of penalties in criminal law, but is a type of administrative penalty, then this will be a mistake, which is called division with extra members.

3. Division terms must be mutually exclusive.

They can only be incompatible, subordinate concepts. For example, divisions are incorrect: students are divided into excellent students, underachievers and achievers, since the concepts of an excellent student and a successful student do not exclude each other; crimes are divided into intentional, careless and military, because military can be either intentional or careless at the same time.

4. Division must be consistent and continuous. One should move from the genus to the nearest species, and then from them to the nearest subspecies. If this rule is violated, a logical error occurs - a jump in division. So, if we first divide the law into branches - labor, criminal, civil, and then civil - into the right of ownership, the law of obligations, the law of inheritance, then this is a correct, consistent and continuous division. But if, after labor and criminal law, we immediately name inheritance law, then this will mean a leap in division.

<< Back: Logical operation of division of concepts. Division types

>> Forward: Classification. Judgment: essence and role in cognition

We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:

▪ Logistics. Lecture notes

▪ Psychology of development and developmental psychology. Lecture notes

▪ Philosophy of science and technology. Lecture notes

See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven 09.05.2024

Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>

Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5 09.05.2024

Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

Random news from the Archive

food from thin air 16.12.2018

Scientists from Finland have learned how to create food from the air and in 2021 they plan to begin construction of a plant for the production of "air food". The project is being carried out by a team from LTU-University in Finland. They have already conducted experiments that have been successful.

Scientists noted that they only came up with technology, the very idea was born back in the 1960s, at the dawn of the space age. Then Soviet and American scientists wanted to provide food for people in orbit or making long space flights. At that time, this option was not very effective and extremely expensive.

All the elements necessary to create food, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, are in the air, Finnish experts say. The task actually comes down to correctly grouping the atoms. All it takes is electricity to break the water molecules into their constituent parts, and a few bacteria that begin to multiply, feeding on the products of this reaction.

In the future, the proposed technology can help solve the problem of hunger in developing countries, because it does not depend on climate or soil type and allows food to be produced in any conditions - even in the desert or in the Far North.

Other interesting news:

▪ Nanocatalyst on orange peel

▪ Marital status of a person and his state of health

▪ Advisor from the garden

▪ Improving the quality of Martian soil

▪ Wind power will fully provide Brazil with electricity

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the site Application of microcircuits. Article selection

▪ article Multi-headed monster. Popular expression

▪ article What is made from oil? Detailed answer

▪ construction engineer article. Job description

▪ article Increasing the efficiency of flash lamps. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Electric spoon. physical experiment

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews