Логика. Закон тождества и его требования к мышлению (самое важное)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Free library / Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Логика. Закон тождества и его требования к мышлению (самое важное)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Table of contents (expand)

4. THE LAW OF IDENTITY AND ITS REQUIREMENTS FOR THINKING

Law of thinking, or logical law- this is a necessary, essential connection of thoughts in the process of reasoning.

The laws of thinking are formed independently of the will and desire of a person. Their objective basis is relative stability, qualitative certainty, interdependence of objects of reality. At the same time, reflecting certain aspects of reality, logical laws are not the laws of things themselves.

Among the many logical laws, logic identifies four main ones that express the fundamental properties of logical thinking - its certainty, consistency, consistency and validity. These are the laws of identity, non-contradiction, excluded middle and sufficient reason. They act in any reasoning, no matter what logical form it takes and no matter what logical operation it performs.

Law of Identity. Any thought in the process of reasoning must have a specific, stable content. This fundamental property of thinking expresses the law of identity: every thought in the process of reasoning must be identical to itself (a is a, or a = a, where a is any thought).

The law of identity can be expressed by the formula p ∞ p (if p, then p), where p is any statement, ∞ is the implication sign.

It follows from the law of identity: one cannot identify different thoughts, one cannot take identical thoughts for non-identical ones. Violation of this requirement in the process of reasoning is often associated with a different expression of the same thought in the language.

For example, two judgments: "N. committed theft" and "N. secretly stole someone else's property" - express the same idea (if, of course, we are talking about the same person). The predicates of these judgments are equivalent concepts: theft is the secret theft of someone else's property. Therefore, it would be erroneous to consider these thoughts as non-identical.

On the other hand, the use of ambiguous words can lead to erroneous identification of different thoughts. For example, in criminal law the word "fine" denotes a measure of punishment provided for by the Criminal Code, in civil law this word denotes a measure of administrative influence. Obviously, such a word should not be used in one sense.

The identification of different thoughts is often associated with differences in profession, education, etc. This happens in investigative practice, when the accused or the witness, not knowing the exact meaning of certain concepts, understands them differently than the investigator. This often leads to confusion, ambiguity, and makes it difficult to clarify the essence of the case.

The identification of different concepts is a logical error - a substitution of a concept, which can be both unconscious and deliberate.

Compliance with the requirements of the law of identity is important in the work of a lawyer, which requires the use of concepts in their exact meaning.

In any case, it is important to find out the exact meaning of the concepts used by the accused or witnesses, and to use these concepts in a strictly defined sense. Otherwise, the subject of thought will be missed and instead of clarifying the matter, it will be confused.

<< Back: Logic and language of law

>> Forward: The law of non-contradiction and its significance in human activity

We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:

▪ National economy. Lecture notes

▪ Theory of Government and Rights. Crib

▪ Budget law. Crib

See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven 09.05.2024

Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>

Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5 09.05.2024

Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

Random news from the Archive

Mobile chargers up to 7800 mAh 29.01.2013

PNY Technologies has announced the launch of the PowerPack series of mobile chargers. The series includes models with a capacity of 2600, 5200 and 7800 mAh. With the PNY PowerPack, you can extend the battery life of your USB-powered mobile devices. This, in particular, is about smartphones, tablets, e-books and players.

Compact power supplies are enclosed in aluminum cases, equipped with switches and displays showing the charge level. The kit includes a 50 cm cable with micro-USB connectors. You can also connect an Apple cable to the PowerPack to charge your iPhone, iPod or iPad. The battery of the PowerPack itself is also charged from a USB port, which can be a laptop connector, a stationary PC, a charger for a stationary or car power supply.

The 7800 mAh and 5200 mAh PNY Power Pack models have two outputs each, allowing you to charge the batteries of two mobile devices at once. The maximum currents that these outputs can supply to a load are 2,1 and 1 A. The prices of these models are $80 and $60, respectively.

The PNY Power Pack model with a capacity of 2600 mAh has one output, designed for current up to 1 A. The price of this model is $40. The warranty period for any of the three PNY PowerPack models is one year.

Other interesting news:

▪ Laptop pulse sensor

▪ Compact version of the Supercharger for the city

▪ Power supplies for HLG-H LEDs work in 40 degrees below zero

▪ NASA Sportswear

▪ The reason for being late - personal characteristics

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ site section Power regulators, thermometers, heat stabilizers. Article selection

▪ article Adaptation to an extreme situation. Basics of safe life

▪ article Why are sunsets crimson? Detailed answer

▪ article Adjuster and operator of CNC machines. Standard instruction on labor protection

▪ article Front acoustics: podiums under 6x9. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Gloves stained in pockets. Focus secret

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews