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69. CLASSIFICATION OF HYPOTHESES BY THE OBJECT OF STUDY
Hypotheses differ in their cognitive functions and in the object of study.
By object of study There are hypotheses: general and particular.
A general hypothesis is an educated guess about natural relationships and empirical regularities.. Examples of general hypotheses include: developed in the 18th century. M.V. Lomonosov's hypothesis about the atomic structure of matter; modern competing hypotheses of academician O.Yu. Schmidt and academician V.G. Fesenkova on the origin of celestial bodies; hypotheses about the organic and inorganic origin of oil, etc.
General hypotheses play the role of scaffolding in the development of scientific knowledge. Once proven, they become scientific theories and are a valuable contribution to the development of scientific knowledge.
Private hypothesis - this is an educated guess about the origin and properties of individual facts, specific events and phenomena. If a single circumstance served as the cause of the emergence of other facts and if it is not accessible to direct perception, then its knowledge takes the form of a hypothesis about the existence or properties of this circumstance.
Particular hypotheses are put forward both in the natural sciences and in the socio-historical sciences. Private hypotheses are also the assumptions that are put forward in forensic and investigative practice, because here one has to infer about single events, the actions of individuals, individual facts that are causally related to a criminal act.
Along with the terms "general" and "private" hypothesis in science, the term "working hypothesis" is used.
A working hypothesis is an assumption put forward at the first stages of the study, which serves as a conditional assumption that allows us to group the results of observations and give them an initial explanation.
The specificity of the working hypothesis lies in its conditional and, therefore, temporary acceptance. It is extremely important for the researcher to systematize the available factual data at the very beginning of the investigation, rationally process them and outline the paths for further searches. The working hypothesis just performs the function of the first systematizer of facts in the process of research.
From a working hypothesis, it can turn into a stable and fruitful one. At the same time, it can be replaced by other hypotheses if its incompatibility with new facts is established.
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