Table of contents (expand)
49. DIVISION-CATEGORICAL CONCLUSION
An inference is called separative-categorical., in which one of the premises is divisive, and the other premise and conclusion are categorical judgments.
Simple judgments that make up a disjunctive (disjunctive) judgment are called members of the disjunction, or disjuncts. For example, the disjunctive proposition "Bonds may be bearer or registered" consists of two judgments - disjuncts: "Bonds may be bearer" and "Bonds may be registered", connected by the logical conjunction "or".
While affirming one term of the disjunction, we must necessarily deny the other, and, denying one of them, affirm the other. In accordance with this, two modes of divisive-categorical reasoning are distinguished: affirmative-denying and denying-asserting.
1. In affirmative-denying mode (modus ponendo tollens) the minor premise, the categorical proposition, affirms one term of the disjunction, the conclusion - also a categorical proposition - denies the other term. For example: Bonds can be bearer (p) or registered (q).
This bond is bearer (p). This bond is not registered (q).
Scheme of affirmative-denying mode:
where
- symbol of strict disjunction.
A conclusion according to this mode is always valid if the rule is observed: the major premise must be an exclusive disjunctive judgment, or a judgment of strict disjunction. If this rule is not observed, a reliable conclusion cannot be obtained.
2. In denying-affirming mode (modus tollendo ponens) the minor premise denies one disjunct, the conclusion affirms another. For example: Bonds can be bearer (p) or registered (q). This bond is non-bearer (⌉p). This bond is registered (q).
Scheme of the denying-affirming mode:
where < > is a closed disjunction symbol.
An affirmative conclusion is obtained through negation: by denying one disjunct, we affirm another.
A conclusion according to this modus is always reliable if the rule is observed: in the major premise, all possible judgments - disjuncts must be listed, in other words, the major premise must be a complete (closed) disjunctive statement. Using an incomplete (open) disjunctive statement, a reliable conclusion cannot be obtained.
The separating premise may include not two, but three or more members of the disjunction.
<< Back: Conditionally categorical inference
>> Forward: Conditional-separative inference
We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:
▪ Inheritance law. Lecture notes
▪ General foundations of pedagogy. Lecture notes
▪ Civil law. Special part. Crib
See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.
Read and write useful comments on this article.
<< Back
Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:
The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven
09.05.2024
Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>
Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5
09.05.2024
Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>
Energy from space for Starship
08.05.2024
Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>
| Random news from the Archive space fire extinguisher
25.04.2019
The Mechanical Engineering Department of Toyohashi University of Technology (Japan) has developed a fire extinguisher with a reverse method of extinguishing open fire (Vacuum Fire Extinguishing Method (VEM) for use inside a spacecraft. Instead of spraying fire extinguishing agents, it sucks the flame and combustible materials into a vacuum chamber, where they will be safely extinguished.
Fire is one of the most dangerous emergencies that can occur aboard a manned spacecraft, a submarine, or any other enclosed environment. It is very difficult to deal with it, not only because of the heat and smoke generated, but also because in a confined space, fire extinguishing agents can be dangerous. For this reason, crew members aboard submarines and the International Space Station must wear oxygen masks before proceeding to put out fires. And in a weightless environment, even water can be dangerous.
The problem of fire extinguishing in such conditions is solved by the VEM fire extinguisher, created in cooperation with the universities of Hokkaido and Xinshu. It not only reduces the risk to the lives of crew members, but also eliminates the need to use an oxygen mask. The principle of its operation is that the fire extinguisher draws the fire into a vacuum chamber, where it will go out due to lack of air, or through the use of fire extinguishing agents without polluting the environment.
The project leader stated that a test sample of the fire extinguisher had already been created and its use was strictly controlled. However, no space agency is yet interested in this development. However, the VEM fire extinguisher has many other uses, including extinguishing fires in operating rooms or clean rooms, where the process can cause significant damage.
|
Other interesting news:
▪ Face mask with microphone and speakers
▪ Learning errors
▪ Synthetic fuel Haru Oni
▪ Rearview Mirror with Android
▪ evaporating planet
News feed of science and technology, new electronics
Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:
▪ site section Lightning protection. Article selection
▪ article Nervous diseases. Lecture notes
▪ article Who made the first violin? Detailed answer
▪ Article Deputy Editor-in-Chief. Job description
▪ article Logical elements from the inside. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
▪ article A device for determining interturn short circuits. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Leave your comment on this article:
All languages of this page
Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews
www.diagram.com.ua
2000-2024
Arabic
Bengali
Chinese
English
French
German
Hebrew
Hindi
Italian
Japanese
Korean
Malay
Polish
Portuguese
Spanish
Turkish
Ukrainian
Vietnamese