Логика. Распределенность терминов в суждениях (самое важное)

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Логика. Распределенность терминов в суждениях (самое важное)

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24. DISTRIBUTION OF TERMS IN JUDGMENTS

In logical operations with judgments, it becomes necessary to establish whether its terms - subject and predicate - are distributed or not distributed.

The term is considered distributed, if it is taken in full.

The term is considered unallocated, if it is taken in part of the volume.

Consider how the terms are distributed in the judgments A, E, I, O.

Judgment A (All S are P). "All the students in our group (S) passed the exams (R)". The subject of this judgment (“the students of our group”) is distributed, it is taken in full: we are talking about all the students of our group. The predicate of this judgment is not distributed, since it represents only a part of the persons who passed the exams, coinciding with the students of our group.

Thus, in general affirmative judgments S distributed and Р not distributed. However, in general affirmative judgments, the subject and predicate of which have the same volume, not only the subject, but also the predicate is distributed. Such judgments include general discriminating judgments, as well as definitions that obey the rule of proportionality.

Judgment E (No S is a P). "Not a single student in our group (S) is not underachieving (R)". Both subject and predicate are taken in full. The scope of one term is completely excluded from the scope of the other: not a single student in our group is among the unsuccessful ones, and not a single unsuccessful student is a student in our group. Consequently, in generally negative judgments and Sand Р distributed.

Judgment I (Some S are P). "Some of the students in our group (S) - excellent students (R)". The subject of the judgment is not distributed, because only a part of the students in our group are thought of in it, the scope of the subject is only partially included in the scope of the predicate: only some students in our group are among the excellent students. But the scope of the predicate is only partially included in the scope of the subject: not all, but only some excellent students - students in our group. Consequently, in a private affirmative judgment neither SOr Р not distributed.

An exception to this rule is made by particular judgments, the predicate of which is completely included in the scope of the subject. For example, "Some parents, and only they (S), have many children (R)". Here the concept of “large families” is fully included in the scope of the concept of “parents”. The subject of such a judgment is not distributed, the predicate is distributed.

judgment about (some S not the point Р). "Some of the students in our group (S) - not excellent students (R)". The subject of this judgment is not distributed (only a part of the students in our group is thought), the predicate is distributed, all the excellent students are thought in it, not one of whom is included in that part of the students in our group that is thought in the subject. Therefore, in a partial negative judgment S not distributed but Р distributed.

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