Table of contents (expand)
16. RULES FOR DEFINITION OF CONCEPTS
The correctness of the definition depends on the structure of the concept, which is governed by logical rules.
1. The definition must be proportionate
The volume of the concept being defined must be equal to the volume of the defining one, i.e. they must be of equal volume - A \uXNUMXd Bs. For example, "A debut is the first performance of an artist in front of an audience."
If this rule is violated, two kinds of errors are possible. If the defining concept has a wider scope than the defined one, then this is called the error of too broad definition (A < Bc). For example, "A debut is an artist's performance in front of an audience."
If the defining concept is narrower in scope than the defined one, then this is called the error of too narrow a definition (A > Bc). For example, "The debut is the first performance of the artist in front of the public of a big city."
2. The definition must not contain a circle
If, in defining a concept, we resort to another concept, which, in turn, is defined with the help of the first one, then such a definition contains a circle. For example, the erroneous definition of law as a system of norms, which has the task of protecting the existing legal order, and the definition of the rule of law, in turn, through the concept of law.
A kind of circle in the definition is a tautology (from Greek - the same word) - an erroneous definition in which the defining word repeats the defined. For example, "A careless crime is a crime committed through negligence."
3. The definition must be clear
It should indicate known features that do not need to be defined and do not contain ambiguity. If, however, a concept is defined in terms of another concept whose attributes are unknown and which itself needs to be defined, then this leads to an error called the definition of the unknown in terms of the unknown, or the definition of x in terms of y. For example, "Indeterminism is a philosophical concept opposite to determinism." Before defining the concept of "indeterminism", it is necessary to define the concept of "determinism". The rule of clarity warns against replacing the definition with metaphors, comparisons, etc., which, although they help to get an idea of the subject, do not reveal its essential features.
4. Definition must not be negative
A negative definition indicates features that do not belong to the subject, but does not indicate features that belong to the subject. For example: "A whale is not a fish", "Comparison is not a proof".
<< Back: Definition types
>> Forward: Logical operation of division of concepts. Division types
We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:
▪ Marketing. Crib
▪ Insurance. Crib
▪ Zoopsychology. Lecture notes
See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.
Read and write useful comments on this article.
<< Back
Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:
The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven
09.05.2024
Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>
Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5
09.05.2024
Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>
Energy from space for Starship
08.05.2024
Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>
| Random news from the Archive Harm of small doses
18.06.2016
It has been proven that bisphenol A in a small dose has a bad effect on health.
The fact that a substance in a small dose can improve health has been talked about since the invention of homeopathy. But there is little information about the fact that small doses can be harmful. And yet, it was precisely such a difficult question that researchers from the Technical University of Denmark, led by Professor Ulla Hass, asked themselves in the following edition: at what dose of bisphenol A causes the degeneration of a male body into a female one?
This question is not easy because it is much more difficult to limit the minimum content of a substance than the maximum. However, it appears from their work that it is necessary.
Bisphenol A is a monomer first synthesized by the Russian chemist A.P. Dianin in 1891. This substance is used for the synthesis of polycarbonate, as well as various epoxy, varnishes, so a person is constantly in contact with it. Bisphenol A is a moderately hazardous substance, but its polymer is considered practically safe, which is why dental fillings and many plastic food packaging bottles are made from it. However, there may be some unreacted monomer in the polymer.
By 2010, it turned out that, due to its similarity to the female hormone estrogen, this substance, once it enters the body from plastic, is by no means safe. Limits have been placed on the maximum content of free bisphenol A in food plastics. And whether there is a limit from below - this is what the Danish chemists tried to find out. They gave pregnant rats water with bisphenol, and then monitored the health of their offspring. The daily dose ranged from 25 μg per kg of rat weight to 50 mg/kg.
Surprisingly, it was at the lowest dose, and only at it, that the mammary glands began to grow in male rat pups and the quality of sperm decreased. This leads to the conclusion that the 2015 µg/kg bisphenol A intake established in the EU in 4 can by no means be considered safe.
|
Other interesting news:
▪ Creation of electrically conductive nanostructures using water and air
▪ Absolutely unbreakable screen for gadgets
▪ The cat makes its owner healthier
▪ The biological clock regulates the functioning of the immune system
▪ SOI process technology for RF chips for mass applications
News feed of science and technology, new electronics
Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:
▪ section of the site Consumer Electronics. Selection of articles
▪ article History of World Religions. Lecture notes
▪ article When were the first fertilizers applied? Detailed answer
▪ article Testing the abrasive tool. Standard instruction on labor protection
▪ article GSM car alarm on Atmega16. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
▪ article Why do I need a data cable? Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Leave your comment on this article:
All languages of this page
Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews
www.diagram.com.ua
2000-2024
Arabic
Bengali
Chinese
English
French
German
Hebrew
Hindi
Italian
Japanese
Korean
Malay
Polish
Portuguese
Spanish
Turkish
Ukrainian
Vietnamese