Логика. Роль аналогии в науке (самое важное)

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Логика. Роль аналогии в науке (самое важное)

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65. THE ROLE OF ANALOGY IN SCIENCE

Analogy can rightly be called a form of inference that was widely used in the early stages of the development of thinking. Analogy is a frequent form of inference in the reasoning of a child, whose thinking in its development repeats in a concise form the history of the development of human thinking as a whole.

The history of the development of science and technology shows that analogy has served as the basis for many scientific and technical discoveries. Faraday's brilliant guess about the physical existence of magnetic lines similar to electric lines, as well as the analogy he drew between the magnet and the Sun, on the one hand, and light rays and magnetic lines, on the other, served as a program for further research and discoveries by Maxwell, Herschel, Lebedev, Popov and other scientists.

An important role in modern science is played by the modeling method, which is based on inference by analogy. It is used in shipbuilding, aerodynamics, hydraulic engineering, cybernetics, etc.

Inference by analogy plays a special role in the socio-historical sciences, often acquiring the significance of the only possible method of research. Not having sufficient factual material, the historian often explains little-known facts, events and situations by likening them to previously studied events and facts from the life of other peoples in the presence of similarities in the level of development of the economy, culture, and political organization of society.

The role of inference by analogy in political science and politics is essential in the development of strategic tasks and the determination of a tactical line in the specific conditions of socio-political development.

Analogy is used in special cases of legal assessment, as well as in the process of investigating crimes and conducting forensic examinations.

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The ETH Zurich (ETH Zurich) has developed a way to make pottery at room temperature that does not require firing, but has the properties of fired, according to the principle of natural geological processes. The material is based on calcium carbonate in the form of a nanopowder, to which a little water is then added and then compressed.

The firing of ceramics, be it tiles, cement, bricks or utensils, requires firing at temperatures well above 1000°C. "The production process is based on the natural geological process of stone formation," explained Andre Studart, professor at ETH Zurich. "Our work is the first evidence that a ceramic object can be produced at room temperature in such a short time and at relatively low pressure." .

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