Logics. Indirect substantiation of the thesis (most important)

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Logics. Indirect substantiation of the thesis (most important)

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75. INDIRECT JUSTIFICATION OF THE THESIS

Indirect is the substantiation of a thesis by establishing the falsity of the antithesis or other assumptions competing with the thesis..

The difference in the structure of competing assumptions determines two types of indirect justification: apagogic and disjunctive.

Apagogical they call the justification of the thesis by establishing the falsity of the assumption that contradicts it - the antithesis. The proof in this case is constructed in three stages:

1. If there is a thesis, they put forward a position that contradicts it - antithesis; conditionally recognize it as true (admission of indirect evidence) and deduce the consequences that logically follow from it.

The thesis and antithesis can be expressed in the form of different judgments. So, for the thesis in the form of a single affirmative judgment "N. is guilty of committing this crime," the antithesis will be the denial of this judgment: "N. is not guilty of committing this crime." An antithesis for a single affirmative judgment can also be an affirmative judgment if it deals with incompatible properties of the same phenomenon. For example, the relation of contradiction takes place between the thesis "The crime is committed intentionally" and the antithesis "The crime is committed carelessly."

If the thesis is represented by a universally affirmative proposition - "All S are P", then the antithesis will be a particular negative proposition that contradicts it: "Some S are not P". For the general negative thesis "No S is P", the antithesis is the particular affirmative: "Some S are P". Thus, the thesis is drawn up in accordance with the rules of the relationship between judgments.

2. The consequences logically derived from the antithesis are compared with the provisions, the truth of which was previously established. In case of non-coincidence, these consequences are abandoned.

3. From the falsity of the consequences, one logically concludes that the assumption is false.

As a result, from the falsity of the assumption, they conclude on the basis of the law of double negation about the truth of the thesis.

The apagogic type of indirect justification is used only if the thesis and antithesis are in relation to contradiction. With other types of incompatibility, including opposition, the apagogical justification becomes untenable.

Dividing called the indirect justification of the thesis, which is a member of the disjunction, by establishing the falsity and excluding all other competing members of the disjunction.

The substantiation of the thesis is built in this case by the method of elimination. In the process of argumentation, they show the failure of all members of the disjunction, except for one, thereby indirectly substantiating the truth of the remaining thesis.

A disjunctive justification is valid only if the disjunctive judgment is complete or closed. If not all solutions are considered, then the elimination method does not ensure the reliability of the thesis, but only gives a problematic conclusion.

Divisive argumentation, including evidence, is often used in forensic and investigative practice when checking versions regarding the perpetrators of a particular crime, when explaining the causes of specific phenomena, and in many other cases.

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