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Stopper from viruses

20.01.2012

In order for the AIDS virus to enter a cell, it must attach itself to a special "gateway" on its surface and inject its RNA, which will cause the cell to produce new viruses.

French pharmacologists, in collaboration with geneticists and molecular biologists, have synthesized a molecule called mCD4-HS, which attaches to and plugs the structures of the cell membrane suitable for virus entry. The synthesis process consists of 50 stages.

So far, only a few tens of milligrams of the new compound have been produced, which is enough for experiments on a culture of human immune cells. When pharmacologists have accumulated hundreds of milligrams, experiments can be carried out on monkeys. So, even if it is possible to prove the effectiveness of a new drug, it is still far from being used on patients.

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Ultra-strong carbon nanotube nanowires 10.01.2013

American physicists have created a new type of carbon nanotubes suitable for use as a material for weaving heavy-duty and electrically conductive "threads" and have published instructions for their creation in the journal Science.

“Finally, we managed to create a fiber from nanotubes with properties that no other material has. It looks like an ordinary black cotton thread, but combines the properties of metal wires and strong carbon tubes,” said Matteo Pasquali, leader of the physicist group ( Matteo Pasquali of Rice University in Houston (USA).

Pasquali and his colleagues were able to adapt nanotubes for industrial use after a decade of experimenting with "packaging" and tying individual nanotubes into a filament. As the researchers note, since the discovery of carbon nanotubes in 1991, they were predicted to have a great future in modern industry. They have many useful properties - good electrical and thermal conductivity, high strength and mechanical stability. The very first experiments showed that nanotubes are extremely difficult to apply in practice due to their small size and difficulties in connecting and interlacing them into single fibers.

The authors of the article were able to solve this problem with the help of a special solvent - chlorosulfonic acid, capable of dissolving carbon nanotubes. According to Pasquali and his colleagues, this solution is a thick liquid in which single tubes behave like liquid crystals. The researchers studied the properties of the solution and were surprised to find that it could be used to spin fiber in a spinning machine used to make Kevlar and other polymers. Physicists wove several trial "versions" of the fiber, gradually choosing the optimal conditions for the manufacture of full-fledged nanotube filaments.

Having received a sufficient number of threads, the scientists tested them in action - they measured their electrical and thermal conductivity, and also evaluated their mechanical strength. According to physicists, their invention exceeded their wildest expectations - the filaments retained the high strength, electrical and thermal conductivity of individual nanotubes. According to scientists, their brainchild conducts current no worse than wires made of aluminum, copper or gold, and at the same time, carbon filaments are much more flexible than metal conductors. In addition, these threads are distinguished by high thermal conductivity - they are not inferior to the best graphite threads, which were considered leaders in this field.

Pasquali and his colleagues believe that their invention will find application primarily in electronics and aviation, where carbon filaments can replace metal wires, which will facilitate and reduce the cost of the design of such devices. In addition, such threads can become the basis for new ultra-strong materials with high flexibility and thermal conductivity.

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