Логика. Алетическая модальность (самое важное)

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Логика. Алетическая модальность (самое важное)

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33. ALETIC MODALITY

Alethic (from Greek - true) modality - this is information expressed in a judgment in terms of necessity-randomness or possibility-impossibility about the logical or factual determinacy (conditionality) of the judgment.

The judgments with which we operate are accepted as logically significant, that is, as true or false, not arbitrarily, but for certain reasons. Such grounds for the adoption of judgments are either the structural and logical characteristics of the judgments themselves, or their relationship with the actual state of affairs in reality. Two ways of conditionality, or determinism, of judgments predetermine the corresponding types of modalities.

Logical modality - this is the logical determinacy of a judgment, the truth or falsity of which is determined by the structure, or form, of the judgment.

To logically true, for example, include judgments expressing the laws of logic; to logically false - internally contradictory judgments. All other judgments, the truth or falsity of which cannot be determined on the basis of their structure, constitute the class of factually determined judgments.

Factual modality is associated with the objective, or physical, determination of judgments, when their truth and falsity are determined by the state of affairs in reality. Judgments in which the connection between terms corresponds to real relationships between objects are considered factually true. An example of such a proposition: “The Eiffel Tower is located in Paris.” Factually false are judgments in which the relationship between terms does not correspond to reality. For example: “No mammal lives in water.”

In fact, judgments that contain information about the laws of science are necessary.. In natural language, such judgments are often expressed using the words “necessary”, “obligatory”, “certainly”, etc.

In fact, random are judgments that do not contain information about the laws of science, and their truth and falsity are determined by specific empirical conditions. For example, the judgment “Napoleon died on May 5, 1821” is actually accidental, since Napoleon’s death could have occurred either before or after this date.

In fact, judgments containing information about the fundamental compatibility of phenomena expressed in the subject and predicate are possible.. For example: “There may be an earthquake in South America this year” or another proposition: “Football team A can win the match against team B.” This means that in both cases, opposite outcomes cannot be ruled out - there may not be an earthquake in South America this year; Team A may not win the match against Team B.

In natural language, words are indicators of possibility judgments: perhaps, perhaps, not excluded, others are allowed when they are used as predicates (and not introductory words).

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