Логика. Виды простых суждений (самое важное)

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Логика. Виды простых суждений (самое важное)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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21. TYPES OF SIMPLE JUDGMENTS

A proposition that does not include other propositions is called simple.. They are a reflection of one single connection of the objective world, regardless of what this connection is in content. For example, “This is a man”; “The rose has a pleasant smell”, etc.

Simple judgments are varied in their manifestations. They are divided into types according to logical features: the nature of the link (quality and quantity) of the subject and the predicate, the relationship between the subject and the predicate.

On the basis of the relationship between the subject and the predicate, judgments are distinguished:

a) attributive (from lat. "property", "sign") - judgments about the attribute of an object. They reflect the connection between an object and its attribute; this connection is affirmed or denied. Attributive judgments are also called categorical, i.e. clear, unconditional. Logical scheme of attributive judgment S-PWhere S - the subject of judgment, Р - predicate, "-" - link. For example, "Counsel met with the accused." Categorical judgments are divided according to quality and quantity.

By quality, affirmative and negative judgments are distinguished.

Affirmative expresses belonging to an object of any property, negative - absence of any property, they differ in the quality of the binder.

A judgment with a negative predicate, but with an affirmative link, is considered as affirmative, for example, "This court decision is unreasonable."

By quantity, single, private and general judgments are distinguished. A quantitative characteristic is expressed by a general quantifier.

A single judgment is a judgment in which something is affirmed or denied about one thing..

For example, "This building is a monument of architecture."

A particular judgment is a judgment in which something is affirmed or denied about a part of objects of a certain class using the words some, many, few, majority, minority, part. For example, “Some of the crimes are economic.”

General is a judgment in which something is affirmed or denied about all objects of a certain class using the words all, no one, any, every. For example: “All the witnesses testified,” “No one came to the meeting.” Sometimes the quantifier is not indicated, and then it is determined by its meaning, for example, “Indifference humiliates”;

b) about relations between objects (so-called judgments with relations). These can be relations of equality, inequality, spatial, temporal, cause-and-effect, etc. For example: “A equals B,” “Kazan is east of Moscow,” “Semyon is the father of Sergei,” etc. The following symbolic notation of judgments with relations is accepted: xRуWhere х и у - members of the relation, they designate concepts about objects;

В - relationship between them. The entry reads: х is in relation R к у. Recording a negative judgment ⌉

(xwoo) (it is not true that х is in relation В к u);

at) existence, expressing the very fact of existence or non-existence of the subject of judgment. For example, “There are statistical laws.” The predicates of these judgments are the concepts of the existence or non-existence of an object.

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