How does temperature change as you go deeper into the Earth? Detailed answer

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How does temperature change as you go deeper into the Earth? Detailed answer

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How does temperature change as you go deeper into the Earth?

The globe is covered with a stone shell - this is the earth's crust. With a deepening for every 33 meters inside the earth's crust, the temperature rises by an average of 1 degree.

This rate of temperature increase with depth (geothermal gradient) depends on the place on Earth: it turns out to be 20 meters on the island of Kalimantan (Borneo), 30-35 meters in Central Europe, 40-45 meters in North America.

The specified value of the geothermal gradient takes place only in a relatively thin layer of the earth's crust (no deeper than 100 kilometers). The core of the Earth has a temperature of 3-5 thousand kelvins.

Author: Kondrashov A.P.

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robot cheating robot 18.12.2012

Georgia Tech scientists have developed robots that can fool each other. They got the idea of development in the behavioral model of ordinary squirrels and birds. The research will find a practical application in future military developments. The work is published in IEEE Intelligent Systems.

A team of scientists led by Professor Ronald Arkin began with a biological study - they studied how squirrels behave when they collect acorns and hide them in their hiding places. When another squirrel can peep the hiding place, the animal changes its behavior. Instead of going to places where her supplies can actually be stored, she visits false caches, thus making it difficult to find the real ones. It was this model that scientists transferred to robots. If an enemy is present somewhere nearby, the robot can change its patrol strategy to deceive another robot or even humans. Thus, you can buy time before the arrival of reinforcements.

In addition, Arkin studied the behavior of birds that "bluff" in the face of danger - they pretend to be stronger than they are and even attack the enemy. Not only empirical data, but also a mathematical model proves that such deception is an effective strategy, the benefits of it outweigh the risk of being caught. And in a military operation, a robot that is itself threatened can just as effectively feign the ability to fight an adversary. Even if he is unable to actually defend himself, his actions can affect the enemy's intelligent technology - make it decide that the risk is unreasonably high. "Deception, if used at the right time, can minimize the threat," says Arkin.

Professor Arkin also points out that the expansion of technology beyond the military realm, where sometimes "everything is fair" can raise many ethical questions. He strongly recommends carefully considering how morally acceptable the results of research that have taught robots to cheat.

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