How did the Rubicon, a small river in northern Italy, get into the catchphrase? Detailed answer

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How did the Rubicon, a small river in northern Italy, get into the catchphrase? Detailed answer

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How did the Rubicon, a small river in Northern Italy, get into the catchphrase?

The Rubicon River until 42 BC served as the border between Italy and the Roman province of Cisalpine Gaul. On January 10, 49 BC, Julius Caesar with an army, contrary to the law (as a proconsul, he had the right to lead an army only outside Italy), with the words "the die is cast" crossed the Rubicon and invaded Italy, thereby starting a civil war against Pompey.

Hence the popular expression "to cross the Rubicon", meaning the adoption of an irrevocable decision.

Author: Kondrashov A.P.

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

What is copper?

Man discovered copper before all other metals with the exception of gold. Even in prehistoric times, copper was used by people of the Stone Age. Copper is found in a fairly pure state - in nuggets and grains of metal without impurities. Perhaps for the first time, a person picked up these nuggets from the ground because they were beautiful.

Then man made the great discovery that these strange reddish pebbles could be molded into any shape. It was a simpler method of making weapons and knives than flint chipping. A lot of time passed, and already other people found out that they could melt red stones and make cups and jugs from the molten mass. Then people began to mine copper and make all kinds of devices and utensils from it. For thousands of years, copper remained the only workable metal, as gold was not only too rare to be taken into account, but also too soft for practical purposes. Copper tools were probably used as early as the construction of the great Egyptian pyramids.

When bronze (an alloy of copper and tin) was discovered, even more copper began to be mined. But after the discovery of iron, copper began to be used in small quantities, mainly by peoples at a low stage of civilization, until the era of electricity came. Since copper is a good conductor of electricity, it is widely used in modern industry. Very few have seen pure copper and are unlikely to recognize it if they see it. It is a lustrous, silvery substance with a slight pinkish tint that turns reddish as it comes into contact with air. The copper we usually see is reddish brown. This is the color of copper oxide, which is formed as a result of the interaction of the metal with air.

Most of the world's copper exists in combination with other substances from which it must be separated before use. Often it is adjacent to sulfurous substances, which can also be combined with iron and arsenic, which makes it difficult to purify copper. Copper has some other virtues besides the fact that it has outlasted many other metals. It has high strength, but is nevertheless ductile enough to be drawn and shaped into any shape by machining. It conducts heat as well as electricity.

Copper can be carved and engraved. But it's not easy to break. In addition, alloys such as bronze and brass can be created from it by combining it with other metals.

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Purifier Generator 24.03.2015

Bacteria, purifying water, will give electricity. As a rule, wastewater treatment is a costly process, but it can also be made a little profitable.

For example, those organic substances from which water is purified have stored a lot of energy in their chemical bonds. If they are simply decomposed, the energy will be lost. But if special bacteria do this, which in the process of feeding will create a pair of proton and electron, and if these bacteria are also placed on an electrode through which they can give their electron to the circuit, then chemical energy will turn into electrical energy.

This idea is not new, many researchers have taken on the creation of a bacterial fuel cell, but few have come up with something worthwhile. Another attempt was made by Luis Cesar Colminares and Roman Netzer: working on the project of the Norwegian innovation center SINTEF, they created a cell for wastewater treatment.

The researchers took a long time to select cultures of bacteria and eventually succeeded: the laboratory setup is able to provide enough electricity to power a small fan. Wastewater comes from a nearby dairy farm and is saturated with organic acids that bacteria love. However, the battery must also work on water of a different composition.'

"We don't expect to produce much electricity, but our plant is cheap and the purification process is energy-intensive," says Netzer.

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