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26. CONDITIONAL (IMPLICATIVE) AND COMPLEX DIVISION (DISJUNCTIVE) JUDGMENTS
Conditional, or implicative, is a proposition consisting of two simple ones connected by the logical connective “if... then...”. For example: “If the fuse melts, the light bulb goes out.” The first judgment is “The fuse is melting” - antecedent (previous), second - "The electric lamp goes out" - consequent (subsequent). If the antecedent is designated р, consequent - q, and the connective “if... then...” is marked “→”, then the implicative judgment can be symbolically expressed as (p → q).
The implication is true in all cases except one: if the antecedent is true and the consequent is false, the implication will always be false. The combination of the true antecedent, e.g. "The fuse melts", and the false consequent - "The electric lamp does not go out" - is an indicator of the falsity of the implication.
In natural language, to express conditional propositions, not only the conjunction “if... then...” is used, but also “there... where”, “then... when...”, “to the extent... since. ..”, etc. Grammatical indicators of implication can be, in addition to the conjunction “if... then...”, such phrases as “if there is... it follows”, “in case... it follows... ", "provided... comes...", etc. At the same time, legal implications can be constructed in the law and other texts without special grammatical indicators. For example: “Secret theft of someone else’s property (theft) is punishable...” or “Knowingly false denunciation of a crime is punishable...”, etc. Each of these instructions has an implicative formula: “If a certain illegal act is committed, then it is followed by legal sanction."
A disjunctive, or disjunctive, is a proposition consisting of several simple ones connected by the logical connective “or”. For example, the proposition “A purchase and sale agreement can be concluded orally or in writing” is a disjunctive proposition consisting of two simple ones: “A purchase and sale agreement can be concluded orally”; "The purchase and sale agreement may be concluded in writing." If the first one is designated р, and the second - q, then the disjunctive judgment can be expressed symbolically as р ∨
qWhere р и q - disjunction members (disjunctions), ∨ - disjunction symbol.
A disjunctive judgment can be either two- or multi-component: p ∨
q... ∨ n.
In a language, a disjunctive judgment can be expressed by one of three logical-grammatical structures.
Two subjects and one predicate (S' or S″ is R). For example, "Theft on a large scale or committed by a group of persons has an increased public danger."
One subject and two predicates (S is P´ or P″).
For example, "Theft is punishable by corrective labor or imprisonment."
Two subjects and two predicates (S´ or S″ is P' or P″). For example, “Exile or expulsion may be applied as a primary or additional sanction.”
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