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37. DIRECT DEDUCTIVE CONCLUSIONS: TRANSFORMATION
deductive (from lat. - excretion) are called inferences in which the transition from general knowledge to specific knowledge is logically necessary.
Deductive inferences, depending on the number of premises, are divided into direct and indirect.
Direct inferences are those in which the conclusion is deduced from one premise, and mediated inferences are those in which the conclusion is deduced from two premises..
Immediate inferences include: transformation, inversion, opposition to a predicate, reasoning on a logical square.
The conclusions in each of these conclusions are obtained in accordance with the logical rules, which are determined by the type of judgment - its quantitative and qualitative characteristics.
Transformation
The transformation of a judgment into a judgment opposite in quality to a predicate that contradicts the predicate of the original judgment is called transformation. The transformation is based on the rule: double negation is equivalent to the statement ⌉(⌉ р) ≡ р.
It is possible to transform general affirmative, general negative, particular affirmative and particular negative judgments.
General affirmative judgment (BUT) turns into a negative (E). For example: “All employees of our team are qualified specialists. Therefore, not a single employee of our team is an unqualified specialist.”
All S are R.
No S is a non-R.
General negative judgment (E) turns into a universal affirmative (A). For example: “No religious teaching is scientific. Therefore, every religious teaching is unscientific.”
No S is R.
All S are non-R.
Partial affirmative judgment (I) turns into partial negative (O). Eg: "Some states are federal. Therefore, some states are not non-federal."
Some S are R.
Some S's are not non-P's.
A partial negative judgment (O) turns into a partial affirmative one (I). For example: "Some crimes are not intentional. Therefore, some crimes are unintentional."
Some S's are not R's.
Some S's are not-P's.
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