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HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, OBJECTS AROUND US
Internet. History of invention and production
Directory / The history of technology, technology, objects around us The Internet is a worldwide system of interconnected computer networks for storing and transmitting information. Often referred to as the World Wide Web and the Global Network, and also simply the Network. Built on top of the TCP/IP protocol stack. The Internet is based on the World Wide Web (WWW) and many other data transmission systems.
With the increase in the number of computers, the problem of information exchange arose. For constant exchange it is necessary to connect computers in a network. Two machines connected by wires form the simplest network. In 1968, the US Department of Defense faced the challenge of how to link multiple computers together. There were two reasons for this: - conducting scientific research in the military-industrial sphere;
This work was entrusted to the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) - the Advanced Research Office of the US Department of Defense. Five years later, ARPAnet appeared. This network has the following requirements: - stability - any part of the network can be destroyed without affecting the functioning of the network as a whole;
Data transmission is based on the internet protocol - Internet Protocol (IP). The IP protocol is a set of rules and a description of how a network works. It includes the rules for establishing and maintaining communication in the network, the rules for communicating with data - instructions on how and where to transfer them over the network. IP works in tandem with TCP or UDP. UDP provides transport of individual messages without checking, while TCP is more reliable and involves checking the establishment of a connection. The network was designed in such a way that the user does not need any knowledge about its structure, which can change at any time. It can be used by a person who does not have a technical education and is very far from technology. In order to send a message over the network, it is enough for him to place it in some envelope (IP), indicate the final address on it and transfer the packets received as a result of these procedures to the network. In the first ten years, the networks evolved imperceptibly - they were intended for specialists in the field of military equipment and for employees of computing institutions. Ten years after the advent of ARPAnet, in the late 1970s, local area networks (LANs) such as Ethernet began to appear. At the same time, the first supercomputers and the UNIX operating system appeared. These supercomputers had computing power that exceeded the capabilities of mainframe computers. Supercomputers were very expensive, but affordable when used together. In America, 5 such supercomputers were supplied: it was assumed that they would be used for mathematical calculations based on data sent over the network from various scientific centers. The results were then to be sent back. However, when these computers were connected to the network, it turned out that their maintenance was too expensive. But the network for access to them has already been created. At the same time, other networks began to be created, such as the NASA network. They used protocols reminiscent of IP. Gradually, these networks began to unite into a network of networks, and a single address space had to be created. The unified network became known as the Internet, the network of networks. In 1972, the first international connection to the Internet was made - England and Norway were connected. The Internet has become an international network. In the late 1980s, the countries of Eastern Europe began to connect to the Internet. One of the advantages of the network was the ability to connect computers from various manufacturers to it, which could work together with any other computers. In 1982, a single TCP / IP protocol was created, combining previously existing protocols. ARPA began to use it on the ARPAnet - this event can be considered the birth of the Internet. In the same year, EUnet began to provide email and Usenet services. In 1983 the Name server was developed. Now users did not need to know the exact path to another system. The number of servers increased from 1984 to 1992 between 1000 and 1. In 1990, the progenitor of the Internet, ARPAnet, ceased to exist. In 1991, the World Wide Web went public on the Internet, and in 1993, the famous NCSA Mosaic web browser appeared. The World Wide Web has grown in popularity. In 1995, NSFNet returned to its role as a research network, with network providers now routing all Internet traffic rather than National Science Foundation supercomputers. In the same 1995, the World Wide Web became the main provider of information on the Internet, overtaking the FTP file transfer protocol in terms of traffic. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was formed. We can say that the World Wide Web has transformed the Internet and created its modern look. Since 1996, the World Wide Web has almost completely replaced the concept of the Internet. In the 1990s, the Internet united most of the networks that existed then (although some, like Fidonet, remained separate). The merger looked attractive due to the lack of a single leadership, as well as the openness of the technical standards of the Internet, which made networks independent of business and specific companies. By 1997, there were already about 10 million computers on the Internet, more than 1 million domain names were registered. The Internet has become a very popular medium for information exchange. Currently, you can connect to the Internet through communication satellites, radio channels, cable TV, telephone, cellular communications, special fiber-optic lines or electric wires. The World Wide Web has become an integral part of life in developed and developing countries. Author: Pristinsky V.L.
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