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What was the last country that Scotland invaded? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? What was the last country that Scotland invaded? Panama. One of the last projects of Scotland before the "Act of Union" of 1707, which annexed it to England and Wales and formed Great Britain, was an ambitious attempt to create its own colony in Darien, as Panama was formerly called. This whole crazy idea was invented by one person - William Paterson, founder of the Bank of England. Paterson saw in the project the possibility of creating a Scottish trading outpost in Central America, which would serve as a link between the wealth of the Pacific Ocean and the trading countries of Western Europe. The British pretty quickly deleted themselves from the list of partners. At that time, they were just at war with France and did not want to take risks so as not to arouse the wrath of the Spaniards (who also had views of Panama). Hearing of Paterson's intention, the British government forbade its subjects to invest in the project. Then Paterson decides to look for the necessary funds north of the border. The enthusiasm of the Scots exceeded all his expectations: in six months, Paterson managed to raise 400 thousand pounds sterling - a huge amount for those times, equal to a third of the total aggregate capital of the entire nation. Almost every Scot who could afford it invested £5. In 1698, the first batch of five ships set sail in the port of Leith and arrived at their destination in November of that year. Regrettably, the expedition turned out to be completely unprepared and ill-informed. The land that the Scots intended to turn into New Caledonia turned out to be an unsuitable swamp for agriculture, where mosquitoes swarmed. The Indians absolutely did not need stocks of wigs, mirrors and combs, with which the colonists hoped to trade with them. The English colonies located in the same areas were strictly forbidden to enter into trade relations with newcomers, and the Spaniards met the Scots as irreconcilable enemies. Within six months, 200 of the 1200 settlers died from malaria and other tropical diseases, and the death rate reached ten people a day. In addition to the fact that the unfortunate had to bend their backs day and night to drain the swamp, all the provisions brought from their homeland quickly fell into disrepair, and by the beginning of summer there were no more than a pound of weekly supplies of gray flour eaten by larvae for each settler. Rumors of an impending Spanish attack were the last straw. Only 300 settlers managed to return to Scotland. The Darien adventure ended in complete failure for Scotland, becoming a real national disaster. She not only undermined the morale of the Scots, but also left the country's economy in a huge debt - 250 thousand pounds. Seven years later, the country was forced to sign the "Act of Union with England." The Scots unanimously believed that the English had deliberately withheld their help in order to insult and humiliate Scotland and make union inevitable. The popularity of the Jacobite resistance in the next forty years can be safely linked to the horrors of the Panamanian expedition and the dashed hopes of the Scots. As for Darien itself, it still remains a very inhospitable place, completely covered with dense jungle. Even the Pan-American Highway, meant to eventually connect Alaska and Argentina, breaks off at the Darien Gap. Author: John Lloyd, John Mitchinson
What is the Rosetta Stone? As you know, one of the greatest civilizations of all times and peoples was Ancient Egypt. For a long time, people began to dig up monuments, buildings, as well as all kinds of treasures of Ancient Egypt. Unknown writings were found on buildings and other objects, but no one could read them. And it seemed that there was no solution to these signs. The ancient Greeks believed that the priests of Egypt created these letters for religious purposes, so they called them hieroglyphs, which means "sacred incisions" in translation. This type of writing became known as hieroglyphs. After the Greeks, no significant effort was made to decipher these inscriptions until the 1799th century, when many scholars took up the problem, but without success. Later, in XNUMX, an outstanding discovery was made. Near the mouth of the Nile River, a black basalt slab was found that had lain there for centuries. She was given the name Rosetta Stone, in honor of the city near which she was found. The Rosetta Stone makes the message carved in three different languages unique. One of the languages is Greek, the second is hieroglyphs, and the third is a late form of Egyptian writing, the so-called folk cursive - one of the types of abbreviated hieroglyphs. Long years of study of these inscriptions began. The Greek text could be read and understood, and finally, after comparing it with the rest, the centuries-old secret of hieroglyphic writing was discovered. This was done by a talented young Frenchman Jean-Francois Champollion. And as a result of this discovery, it became possible for historians to trace the life, customs and religious practices of the Egyptians up to 3500 BC. e. This is possible because hieroglyphs are the oldest form of Egyptian writing and one of the earliest known writing systems. Essentially, these are inscriptions - drawings. Each picture represents an item. But as time passed, this writing developed, and subsequently the Egyptians began to record the concepts, sounds, and words.
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