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Diamond quantum computer

12.04.2012

Scientists from the University of Southern California have created a diamond-based quantum computer, overcoming the problem of decoherence - "noise", which is one of the main technical obstacles to the creation of quantum computers.

Modern quantum computers are usually very small and cannot yet compete in speed with traditional computers. An experiment by American scientists shows the viability of solid-state quantum computers, which, unlike modern liquid-based prototypes, can be scaled and applied in practice. Scientists have created a diamond quantum computer with two quantum bits, the so-called qubits. Unlike traditional bits, which work with the states "1" or "0", a quantum computer can work with both "1" and "0" or both states at the same time. This is called the superposition state and allows quantum computers to perform millions of calculations at the same time.

Like all diamonds, the diamond used in the experiment had impurities. In jewelry, the more impurities, the less valuable the diamond, as this reduces its brilliance and transparency. However, for a quantum computer, impurities, on the contrary, are useful. Thus, the spin of the nitrogen nucleus inside the diamond became the first qubit, and the electron became the second. Electrons are smaller than nuclei and perform calculations much faster, but they are also subject to faster decoherence. A qubit based on a nucleus (which is larger than an electron) is much more stable, albeit slower. Thanks to the use of the nucleus as a qubit, the decoherence time was stretched to milliseconds, which is enough for reliable calculations.

Although solid-state computing systems have existed before, American scientists for the first time managed to “embed” decoherence protection into it and take an important step towards the use of quantum computers. The team of researchers proved that their system really works in quantum mode and almost completely corresponds to Grover's algorithm.

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Neanderthals were doomed 01.03.2012

A group of Swedish and Spanish researchers from Uppsalla, Stockholm and Madrid reported in the journal Molecular Biology and Evolution the news that "whitewashed" our African ancestors - according to scientists, Neanderthals themselves began to rapidly die out long before the first foot of a modern man set foot on their territory. .

Until now, it was believed that Neanderthals lived steadily in Europe for hundreds of thousands of years until our ancestors got tired of Africa. Now it turns out that it wasn't quite like that. According to scientists, Neanderthals began to die out sharply somewhere around 50 thousand years ago. After most of them died out, a small group of surviving Neanderthals populated the central and western parts of Europe, where they managed to live for another ten thousand years, until the Cro-Magnons, modern people, appeared on the scene.

This assumption was made by the Swedish-Spanish group on the basis of data obtained during the study of the DNA of Neanderthals. According to them, European Neanderthals, who lived during the last ten thousand years before the advent of modern man, have very small genetic differences. Their genomes differed even less than the genomes of the inhabitants of today's Iceland differ. This means that the DNA almost did not mutate, that is, the Neanderthals themselves did not adapt in any way to the sharp climatic changes of that time and therefore were already doomed from the very beginning.

Older fossils of European Neanderthals show much greater genomic variation - about the same level as that recorded in Asian Neanderthals and representatives of today's humanity. It is still completely unclear why the DNA of European Neanderthals 50 thousand years ago was suddenly attacked by such literally murderous conservatism.

Paleogenetics is a very difficult task. Researchers are dealing with very time-destroyed DNA, from which it is extremely difficult to extract at least some information. Scientists had to resort to the help of a wide variety of experts - statisticians, experts in modern DNA sequencing, paleoanthropologists, IT specialists, etc. from Denmark, Spain and the USA. To get to the genetic information about Neanderthals, they needed special laboratory equipment, special computational methods. From such interdisciplinary cooperation, they expect no less amazing discoveries about the life of our great-ancestors.

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