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Graphene from boron

29.08.2021

Theorists long ago predicted the existence of film forms of boron of atomic thickness - borophenes. But in practice, growing a single-layer borophene turned out to be orders of magnitude more difficult than obtaining graphene. Dreams of creating a multilayer borofen with the possibility of interlayer energy storage seemed like fantasy at all.

However, scientists were able to obtain the conditions for growing two-layer borophene, although this happened quite by accident. A group of scientists from the American Northwestern University reported growing samples of two-layer borophene. The secret lay in choosing the right substrate for the process.

The simplest methods can be used to produce graphene, including atomically thin peeling using a film with an adhesive layer. Borofen cannot be separated in this way. Its structure is stronger and an atomically thin layer can only be grown on a special substrate. Moreover, all attempts to grow a two-layer borophene ended in failure - instead of the second layer, volumetric accumulations of boron were formed in the form of a single-crystal structure.

In one of their experiments with substrates for growing borophene, scientists at Northwestern University used silver that was heated to a certain temperature. The resulting substrate looked like a cascade of terraces with a relatively large area each. During the experiment, it turned out that on such a substrate, borophene was formed in the form of two neat layers. Nobody expected this, but everyone was pleasantly surprised - they found what they had long dreamed of.

Double-layer borophene is in theory a better fit for future batteries than graphene. It is more durable, flexible and lightweight. The distance between two layers of borophene is good for ion trapping and energy storage. This material promises to simplify the structure of the batteries and reduce their weight. Scientists hope that they will be able to study the opportunities that have opened up for obtaining borophene in volumes that will make it possible to reveal its properties and, as a result, bring the possibility of practical application closer.

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How to protect a helicopter from such a missile? Another method was proposed by University of Michigan professor Mohammed Islam, who founded his company and received a one million dollar grant from the army agency DARPA to create production.

At the heart of the protection is a supercontinuum fiber laser operating at medium infrared frequencies. Such lasers in the visible range emit light in a wide range of wavelengths. An infrared laser with a similar wide spectrum creates the illusion of a warm object, and the rocket flies towards this phantom, and not towards a real helicopter.

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