Криминалистика. Понятие и научные основы криминалистической идентификации (самое важное)

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Криминалистика. Понятие и научные основы криминалистической идентификации (самое важное)

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4. CONCEPT AND SCIENTIFIC BASES OF FORENSIC IDENTIFICATION

Object identification means the establishment (revealing) of its identity with itself in different periods of time or in its different states using for these purposes the mappings left by it.

Forensic identification - this is the process of establishing the identity of an object through a comparative study of the group affiliation of specific objects in order to obtain evidence related to a specific crime committed.

Identity - this:

1) the equality of the object to itself, its difference from others, its uniqueness;

2) the process of selecting from a certain set of objects a single, one.

Essential Features forensic identification:

1) objects of forensic identification are individually defined and have a stable external structure;

2) forensic identification is carried out by displaying the stable properties of the identified objects;

3) forensic identification is implemented in the process of investigation, crime detection and judicial consideration of the case.

Scientific basis of identification - provisions of philosophy, which talk about the possibility of knowing the material world, the main postulates of the theory of reflection. All material objects are interconnected, interdependent and can influence each other and display the property of some objects on others in the form of signs or imprints.

Forms of forensic identification:

1) procedural implemented in the production of certain investigative and judicial actions during the implementation of the inquiry, preliminary investigation and trial (for example, presenting people, objects, documents for identification, conducting identification examinations);

2) non-procedural takes place in the course of the search activities of employees of the operational-search units (suspects, witnesses, victims, as well as other data relevant to the case are established).

Forensic identification is classified:

1) by the nature of the results obtained:

a) complete, when a single object is installed;

b) incomplete, when only the group affiliation of the subject is established;

2) according to the properties of the identified objects:

a) according to the external structure, when there is an individual set of features, which includes the size, shape, nature of the surface (for example, a person according to external signs, etc.);

b) according to the functional-motor complex, which is formed depending on the individuality of the interaction of the parts of the object (handwriting, gait, etc.);

c) according to the structure or composition of objects;

d) by the nature of the identified object;

e) according to materially fixed reflections of the whole in parts, according to a mental image, according to scent traces.

Authors: Aleinikov A.G., Salova E.E.

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