23. CLASSIFICATION OF THE SIGNS OF HUMAN APPEARANCE. RULES FOR DESCRIPTION OF HUMAN APPEARANCE BY THE METHOD OF VERBAL PORTRAIT. CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNS OF HUMAN APPEARANCE

Signs of a person's appearance are divided into two main groups:

1) anatomical (static), characterizing the features of the anatomical structure of a person. These signs determine sex, age, height, physique, anthropological features of appearance, structure of the body, head, face and its elements;

2) functional (dynamic), the physiological basis of which is conditioned reflex processes, accompanied by the emergence of a dynamic stereotype of human movement. These are habitual, automated movements and positions of a person and his individual parts (posture, gait, facial expressions, etc.).

The use of anatomical and functional features of appearance to identify a person is determined by the relative stability of the features, which is determined by the constancy of the bone and cartilage basis of the human body. Age-related or painful changes do not have significant practical significance. Deliberate changes in anatomical features with the help of plastic surgery do not go unnoticed and are easily detected during examination.

Functional signs of appearance are less reliable, they can be easily changed (for example, a person, having made a little effort on himself, can change his gait, change his gestures, etc.). But it is impossible to completely change the functional characteristics inherent in a given person, they are as stable as they are unique.

Verbal portrait - this is a forensic method of describing a person's appearance using common terms, carried out according to a certain system for the purpose of criminal registration, search and identification of living persons and corpses.

Identification of a person by signs of appearance using the method of verbal portrait can be carried out by:

1) presentation for identification;

2) direct comparison of his appearance with a photographic portrait;

3) direct comparison of his appearance with the existing verbal portrait;

4) comparison of a verbal portrait with a photographic image.

Forensic science has developed the basic rules for describing appearance using the verbal portrait method:

1) the maximum completeness of the description of a person's appearance. Compliance with this rule is due to the fact that during the compilation of a verbal portrait it is still unknown which of the signs will be the main ones during the search;

2) sequence of description (from general to specific). First, general physical signs are indicated - gender, age, then anatomical signs are described - the figure as a whole, neck, shoulders, chest, back, head (face);

3) description using special terminology. This is necessary to ensure a uniform understanding of the information received. Sources of information are divided into:

1) subjective - these are mental images preserved in a person’s memory, according to which he can give a description of external signs, identify a criminal, etc .;

2) objective - these are photographs, casts-masks from the deceased, x-rays and video materials.

Authors: Aleinikov A.G., Salova E.E.

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