Forensics. Subject, system and tasks of traceology. Scientific foundations of traceology (the most important)

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Forensics. Subject, system and tasks of traceology. Scientific foundations of traceology (the most important)

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11. SUBJECT, SYSTEM AND TASKS OF TRASOLOGY. SCIENTIFIC BASES OF TRASOLOGY

Traceology - this is a branch of forensic technology that develops scientific and technical tools and methods for detecting, fixing and researching traces in order to determine the mechanism of trace formation, establish group affiliation and individual identification of trace-forming objects and establish other circumstances that are essential for the disclosure, investigation and proper resolution of a criminal case .

In the course of committing a crime, traces are necessarily formed. The difficulty lies in the fact that in time and with the use of reliable scientific and technical means to detect, fix, remove and investigate these traces.

The concept of trace has two definitions:

1) in a broad sense, these are any material changes causally associated with the commission of a crime. For example, a change in the situation at the scene, the disappearance of some and the appearance of other objects, etc.;

2) in a narrow sense - this is a reflection of the external structure of one material object on another (studied in traceology).

Trasology system includes:

1) the doctrine of traces and trace formation;

2) techniques and methods for detecting, recording, and removing traces;

3) study of substances as traces of formation;

4) examination of objects as traces of a crime;

5) study of traces-images.

Traceology examines traces:

1) hands;

2 legs (shoes);

3) teeth;

4) clothes;

5) areas of the scalp (for example, ear);

6) guns, instruments, edged weapons;

7) vehicles;

8) animals;

9) blood and other substances.

The study of objects as traces of a crime can be divided into:

1) determination of the state of individual items;

2) establishing the belonging of parts to a single whole;

3) establishing the source of origin (group, class, species) in the wake of production mechanisms.

Tasks of traceology:

1) identification - identification of the object by the traces left by it and the establishment of a group affiliation, including a common source of origin;

2) diagnostic - determination of the mechanism of trace formation: the interaction of objects at the moment of trace formation.

Trasology is based on the following principles:

1) the individuality of the objects of the material world. The external structure of homogeneous objects may coincide in general terms, but will inevitably differ in particular;

2) the external structure of the object, including particular features, can, under certain conditions, be accurately displayed on other objects;

3) the display in the trace of an external object is always reversed, mirrored.

Importance of traceology is determined by the possibilities of establishing various circumstances of the event under investigation. Establishing the traces of the object, as well as the mechanism for the formation of traces, allows you to obtain information about the subject, about the method of committing the crime, about the subject of the criminal encroachment; allows you to prove the existence of a connection between the traces found and the criminal actions of a particular person, to establish the circumstances that contributed to the crime.

Authors: Aleinikov A.G., Salova E.E.

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