Forensics. Signs of written speech (the most important)

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Forensics. Signs of written speech (the most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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34. SIGNS OF WRITTEN SPEECH

Writing is one of the means of communication and one of the ways of fixing speech.

A letter is a means of communication in which a person’s thoughts are captured through graphic signs and the rules for their combination.

Two sides are distinguished in the letter: semantic (content, style, manner of presentation, vocabulary, etc.) and graphic (underlining).

In the formation of writing lies the training and practical activities of a person.

In social, scientific and other activities, written speech has various information. Through it, messages about facts, phenomena, ideas, etc. are recorded and transmitted.

The task of forensic research of written speech is to determine the features of writing and speech skills.

Written speech is the content of the document (conceptual content) and the linguistic means by which it is expressed.

The following features of written speech are distinguished:

1) lexical, characterizing the general vocabulary and features of its vocabulary. Vocabulary features include:

a) neologisms - new words not included in the vocabulary fund;

b) vulgarisms - rude, non-literary expressions and words;

c) archaisms - old, obsolete expressions;

d) dialectisms - words from the local dialect;

e) professional terms and expressions;

e) slang words;

2) grammatical, which reflect the performer’s mastery of grammatical rules of writing. The presence of repeated spelling, syntactic, and morphological errors are an identification sign. Depending on the frequency and nature of errors encountered, the literacy level is divided into:

a) low;

b) average;

c) tall;

3) stylistic, characterizing the manner of presentation of thoughts, the author’s ability to use a variety of means of written speech (official business, industrial and technical, colloquial and everyday), as well as the compositional structure of the manuscript. In texts encountered in investigative practice, the style of presentation can be judged by the composition of words and the construction of sentences;

4) topographic:

a) features of placing text on paper;

b) string configuration; the position of the line of writing relative to the line of paper; line direction;

c) the way words are wrapped, the location of the hyphens relative to the line of the line;

d) features of the placement of the signature and date;

e) features of placing the text of the address on the envelope;

f) a way to underline certain parts of the text;

g) the way the date is written;

h) features of making corrections and adding letters, words, sentences to the line.

Writing habits, as well as small signs of handwriting, are constant.

Based on these features of written speech, author's expertise, the subject of which is factual data about the author himself and the conditions for drawing up this document. Sometimes the author and performer are the same person, then diagnostic and identification problems can be solved here.

The following are sent for author's examination:

1) documents;

2) scientific developments;

3) articles;

4) teaching aids;

5) handwritten and typewritten, polygraphic texts.

Authors: Aleinikov A.G., Salova E.E.

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