Forensics. Concept, subject and tasks of criminology (the most important)

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Forensics. Concept, subject and tasks of criminology (the most important)

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1. CONCEPT, SUBJECT AND TASKS OF CRIMINALISTICS

Forensic science - the science of technical means, tactics and methods used to perform the actions provided for by the criminal procedure law for the detection, collection, fixation, research, evaluation and use of evidence in order to detect and prevent crimes.

Forensic science is the science of detecting, investigating and preventing crimes.

Subject criminology - patterns that characterize the process of solving crimes.

These patterns are different in their level. Some are of a more general nature and are expressed, for example, in the general provisions (principles) of the investigation methodology. Others have a narrower meaning and represent numerous features of the use of individual technical and forensic tools and tactics in the production of investigative actions.

objects forensic studies:

1) criminal activity and everything related to the preparation, implementation and concealment of a crime;

2) criminalistic activity:

a) activities for the investigation of crimes (the work of investigators, prosecutors, interrogators);

b) the activities of experts in the production of expert studies;

c) operational-search activity;

d) scientific and pedagogical activity. Criminalistics studies and summarizes:

1) forensic practice (committed crimes). Forensic analysis of crimes involves the identification of those trends (patterns), everything in common, typical that is characteristic of the preparation, commission of various types (groups) of crimes, and the creation of appropriate types of forensic characteristics;

2) investigative practice. When studying and scientifically summarizing the practice of solving crimes, everything that is common and typical is revealed that characterizes the work of an investigator in organizing and planning an investigation, putting forward investigative leads in relation to typical criminal and investigative situations;

3) the practice of using forensic technology in various forms;

4) modern achievements of natural, technical and social sciences, which are one of the sources for the development of forensic technology and investigative tactics;

5) practice of application of natural, technical and social sciences.

Tasks criminalistics are divided into two groups:

1) main - this is the development of new techniques, methods, the introduction into the practice of the investigation and the court of the most advanced and effective methods of working with evidence;

2) auxiliary - summarizing the advanced positive and negative experience of the work of investigators and the formation of conclusions about the causes of errors in the production of various investigative actions.

Legal basis of forensic science - the provisions enshrined in the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, in the Law on Investigative Activities and in the Code of Civil Procedure of the Russian Federation, by-laws, orders of the Prosecutor General, orders of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, instructions, prescriptions and scientific and practical recommendations.

Authors: Aleinikov A.G., Salova E.E.

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