19. TRACES OF HACKING TOOLS, THEIR SIGNIFICANCE AND TYPES

Under hacking means an action aimed at the complete or partial destruction, damage to a locking device, other barrier, carried out with the aim of penetrating into a locked vault.

Traces of hacking tools are material traces. They are formed as a result of the impact of a hacking tool (trace-forming object) on an obstacle (trace-receiving object). These traces are most often found in the investigation of criminal cases of theft, including theft of motor vehicles, as well as other categories. Investigation of traces of hacking tools allows you to establish the method of hacking, the type of tool used for hacking, the mechanism for the formation of traces, the professional skills of the person who committed the burglary; identify the hacking tool.

Hacking tools are divided into:

1) general technical means;

2) specially made for hacking purposes;

3) improvised items, i.e., accidentally found themselves at the scene of the crime.

The characteristic individual features of a hacking tool are:

1) various notches;

2) defects arising both during manufacture and during use.

The combination of these features, as well as their location, type, shape, size, individualize a particular tool and make it possible to identify it.

The objects of hacking are:

1) seals - are made of lead or plastic and are divided into:

a) cylinder with two through holes;

b) cylinder with two inlets;

c) with a petal;

2) locks - are classified:

a) according to the features of the locking mechanism: spring, lever, cylinder, rack, code, screw, magnetic;

b) according to the method of fastening: mortise, overhead, hinged;

c) by purpose: general purpose and special purpose.

Traces of hacking tools are subdivided depending on the:

1) the magnitude of the force acting on the hacking tool; the hardness of the tool used; material and barriers: surface (layering and delamination) and depressed;

2) the mechanism of trace formation, as a result of:

a) pressure - are formed from the impact of the hacking tool on the surface of the barrier, directed perpendicular to the latter. In the form of a trace, the configuration of the general features of the tool (its shape and size) and the features of its individual parts are displayed;

b) friction and sliding - are formed when the burglary tool moves at an angle or parallel to the surface of the obstacle. Such traces look like tracks, negatively reflecting the features of the trace-forming surface in the form of ridges and grooves. This can result in both scratches and compaction of the barrier material. These traces are more distinct the harder the weapon is compared to the obstacle. From them one can judge the type of weapon used and the breaking mechanism;

c) cut and cut - found on wooden and metal barriers. These are traces of an ax, chisel, scissors and other tools with a cutting surface;

d) sawing and drilling - are formed due to the repeated movement of hacking tools in the same place of the hacking object. In such traces, only general signs of a hacking tool can be identified;

e) apparatus for cutting metal.

Authors: Aleinikov A.G., Salova E.E.

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