Forensics. Forensic examination of materials, substances and products (KIMVI) (the most important)

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Forensics. Forensic examination of materials, substances and products (KIMVI) (the most important)

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21. FORENSIC INVESTIGATION OF MATERIALS, SUBSTANCES AND PRODUCTS (KIMVI)

KIMVI - a branch of scientific knowledge that studies the patterns of occurrence and movement of forensically significant information contained in the properties of materials, substances and products made from them as elements of the material environment of a crime.

KIMVI is one of the branches of forensic technology.

KIMVI is based on the general provisions of the theory of identification: the individuality and stability of objects, the possibility of their interaction with each other.

If a substance of unknown nature is found during the investigation, it can be established by expert means what substance the object under study is, what its composition, brand, production or other purpose is. Objects for examination shall be seized as whole as possible. If not possible, this substance is separated from the carrier object. A small amount of the substance is removed completely, and a sample is separated from a significant amount. All test objects and each sample are packed separately and in such a way as to prevent contamination with foreign substances.

The varieties of KIMVI are:

1) research of paint coatings and materials. It is often necessary to resort to the study of these objects when investigating road accidents. Within the framework of this study, circumstances related to the use of paint and varnish coating can be established - the method of applying the coating (factory, homemade), the fact of repainting the car, etc. The main objectives of this study include: establishing the type and brand of paint; the fact that it was manufactured at a certain enterprise, released as part of a certain production batch; the origin of the samples being compared is from the same container (barrels, etc.). If it is impossible to send the painted object itself for examination, pieces of the coating are separated from it with a sharp tool, trying not to damage the integrity of the layers. The study of the objects under consideration is carried out through a set of methods, which includes emission and X-ray spectral analysis, molecular spectral analysis, microscopy, chemical microanalysis, etc.;

2) research of fibers and fibrous materials. The question being resolved concerns establishing what type of fiber it is: whether it is natural (wool, silk, linen, etc.) or artificial (viscose, etc.). The solution to a number of other issues may be important for the investigation, in particular whether the materials being compared belong to one piece or one production batch, or the fact of separating a piece of fabric from a specific item of clothing. When studying these objects, a wide range of methods is used, including microscopy, spectral and chemical analysis;

3) research of metals, alloys, the tasks of which are to identify microparticles of metals on certain objects, establish the type of metal, its grade, etc. The following methods are used in the study: microscopy, emission and X-ray spectral analysis, chemical analysis, as well as hardness, tensile and compression tests.

Authors: Aleinikov A.G., Salova E.E.

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