Forensics. Classification of traces in traceology (the most important)

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Forensics. Classification of traces in traceology (the most important)

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12. CLASSIFICATION OF TRACES IN TRACELOGY

The scientific classification of traces in traceology is carried out by dividing them into types according to several logical grounds:

1) by the nature of the changes introduced into the real situation:

a) traces-displays, reflecting the signs of the object that left them, the mechanism of their formation or the mechanism of the crime (handprint, wheel marks, traces of blood, etc.);

b) traces-objects - material objects, the occurrence or change of state of which is associated with the event of a crime (material objects left by the criminal at the scene of the incident);

at) trace substances - substances of organic and inorganic origin (dust, paint, fibers), as well as traces of biological origin (blood, saliva, etc.);

2) by type of impact energy:

a) mechanical;

b) thermal - under the influence of thermal energy (traces of hands on the frozen glass);

at) chemical - under the influence of oxidizing or reducing processes, photochemical or putrefactive changes in the trace-receiving surface;

3) by zone of influence:

a) local - are formed on the surface that comes into contact with the trace-forming object (footprints on the ground, etc.);

b) peripheral - arise due to changes in the trace-receiving surface outside the area of contact of the trace-forming object with it (traces of charring of the floor around the canister, etc.);

4) according to the degree of deformation of the trace-receiving surface:

a) three-dimensional - occur when a track-forming object is pressed into a softer track-receiving surface (wheel track on sand);

b) surface marks - are formed when both objects are approximately equal in hardness, due to the layering of the substance of the trace-forming object on the trace-receiving surface or due to the peeling of the substance of the trace-receiving surface (traces of exfoliation). Thus, fingers stained with blood leave traces of layering, and clean hands on a dusty surface leave traces of peeling;

5) according to the relative motion of objects interacting in the wake formation:

a) static - are formed when objects move towards each other or at a slight angle to each other, and the final moment is characterized by the cessation of movement (fingerprint, shoe soles when a person is standing);

b) dynamic - occur during the movement of objects that are in contact, but parallel to their surfaces or at a small angle, and the final moment is not characterized by the cessation of movement (traces of cutting, sliding);

6) according to the following objects:

a) hands;

b) feet;

at) hacking tools and tools;

d) Vehicle and more

7) according to the degree of perception:

a) visible - are visible to the naked eye;

b) visually impaired (poorly visible) - visible under certain conditions of observation (fingerprints on the glass can only be seen in oblique incident light);

at) invisible. They are detected when special means are used, for example, with special lighting or by chemical or mechanical action on the surface.

Authors: Aleinikov A.G., Salova E.E.

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