Table of contents (expand)
- The concept, subject and tasks of forensic science
- Forensic system
- The concept and system of forensic technology
- The concept and scientific basis of forensic identification
- Forensic diagnostics
- Forms of using special knowledge in criminal proceedings
- Technical and forensic tools and methods for detecting, recording and removing traces
- Concept, meaning and system of forensic photography, filming, video recording and sound recording
- Forensic photography. Its concept, meaning and types
- Forensic application of filming, video and sound recording and their procedural design
- Subject, system and tasks of traceology. Scientific foundations of traceology
- Classification of traces in traceology
- Hand marks. Properties and types of papillary patterns
- Fingerprint examination
- Footprints. Methods of their fixation and withdrawal. footprint path
- Traces of teeth, lips, nails and other parts of the body
- Traces of blood, semen and other secretions. traces of smoking and dust, their forensic meanings
- Traces of vehicles, their types and meaning
- Traces of hacking tools, their meaning and types
- Odorology. methods for removing and fixing odor traces
- Forensic investigation of materials, substances and products (KIMVI)
- Forensic Habitoscopy
- Classification of human appearance features. rules for describing a person’s appearance using the verbal portrait method. Classification of signs of human appearance
- Forensic phonoscopy
- Forensic weapons. Doing. concept and classification of weapons
- Forensic ballistics. The concept and classification of firearms and ammunition
- Identification of weapons by bullets and cartridges. Establishing the distance and direction of the shot, the location of the shooter
- Forensic investigation of explosive devices, explosives and explosion traces
- The concept and classification of edged weapons
- Forensic research of edged weapons
- Forensic examination of documents
- Forensic study of the letter. Signs of writing and their classification
- Handwriting expertise
- Signs of written speech
- Technical and forensic examination of documents
- General provisions for document inspection. Rules for handling documents - material evidence
- Concept and classification of micro-objects. Rules for detection, seizure and fixation of micro-objects
- Operational and reference accounting
- Forensic records of internal affairs bodies
- General provisions for organizing the disclosure and investigation of crimes
- The concept and types of forensic versions
- Building and checking versions. Deriving Consequences from Versions
- Theoretical foundations of tactical operations and tactical combinations
- Classification and structure of tactical operations
- Crime investigation planning
- The concept, meaning and types of interaction of the investigator with other law enforcement agencies and the public
- Operational-investigative activity as a form of interaction
- The concept and system of forensic tactics
- The concept and types of inspection
- Preparing for production inspection. Inspection tactics
- The concept, types and tasks of interrogation. Preparation for interrogation
- Interrogation of the suspect and the accused
- Interrogation of the witness and the victim
- The concept and types of search. Preparing and conducting a search
- Recording the progress and results of the search and seizure
- The concept, types and tasks of an investigative experiment
- Concept and types of presentation for identification. Preparation for presentation for identification
- The concept and tactics of checking testimony on the spot
- The concept and classification of forensic examinations
- Detention Tactics
- Tactical methods of confrontation
- Tactics for conducting an examination
- The concept and structure of forensic methodology
- The concept and classification of private methods of investigation
- The concept and significance of the forensic characteristics of crimes
- Forensic characterization of murders
- The initial stage of the murder investigation. Identification of an unidentified corpse
- The next stage of the murder investigation. Features of investigative actions
- Features of the investigation of certain types of murders (domestic, serial, contract)
- Forensic characteristics of rape. Methods for exposing staged rape
- Typical investigative versions and situations in the investigation of rape
- Forensic characteristics of theft
- Forensic characteristics of thefts
- Forensic characteristics of robberies and assaults
- Methodology for investigating robberies and robberies
- Forensic characteristics of misappropriation and embezzlement
- Forensic characteristics of fraud
- Extortion Investigation Methodology
- Forensic characteristics of crimes related to illicit drug trafficking
- Forensic characteristics of bribery. Correlation between bribery and corruption
- Features of bribery investigation
- Forensic characteristics of crimes committed by organized criminal groups
- Forensic characteristics of arson
- Forensic characteristics of environmental crimes
- Forensic characteristics of computer crimes
- Forensic characteristics of road traffic crimes
- Forensic characteristics of criminal violations of labor protection and safety regulations
- Features of the investigation of crimes committed by minors
- Features of the investigation of crimes committed by persons with mental abnormalities
- Features of the investigation of unsolved crimes of past years
35. TECHNICAL AND FORENSIC RESEARCH OF DOCUMENTS
The word “document” comes from the Latin documentum, which in legal practice means “evidence.”
A document is any business paper that serves as evidence of something and has details (stamps, signatures, etc.). The documents reflect various facts and events that are important for resolving a case. The authenticity and truth of documents are protected by law; there is criminal liability for forgery of various types of documents.
Technical and forensic examination of documents solves many issues, which requires the possession of a variety of knowledge and research methods.
Most of the documents that should be examined using technical-forensic examination are fake documents.
Forgery of documents is recognized:
1) complete, in which the document is prepared completely (form and all its details);
2) partial, in which some amendments are made to the document (deleting part of the text or, conversely, adding some new elements to the document). Technical and forensic examination of documents consists of examining the document itself for its authenticity, methods of production, identifying signs of alteration and the possibility of restoring the document.
Documents can be:
1) genuine;
2) fake. Forgery of a document is carried out by printing using rubber fonts, copying, using photocopying, including the use of printing tools;
3) forged, containing false information, but made properly.
Each of the listed types of counterfeit has its own characteristics that make it possible to establish their presence.
The letters of the rubber font are used relatively rarely and are distinguished by thick, blurry strokes, the distance between letters, words and lines is uneven.
Common methods of counterfeiting seals and stamps are: copying an impression from a genuine document using flat clichés; wet copying, etc. When counterfeiting, some methods have the following characteristics: non-standard font, violation of spacing, distortion in the design of the coat of arms, etc.
"Wet" copying involves making an intermediate cliché from an original seal or signature. A fake seal impression is usually paler than the real one, with unclear stroke boundaries.
Signatures are forged using carbon paper, translucent redrawing.
Partial forgery by making changes to the content of original documents is usually carried out through erasure, etching or addition.
Erasure - this is a mechanical effect on paper, causing disruption of its surface layer, ruffled fibers, thinning of the paper with application to it using various recording media.
Etching is the destruction of records by chemical destruction or discoloration of the coloring matter of the original record. Etching is manifested by the appearance of spots of a different color and shade than the rest of the paper, remnants of the original text, thinning of the paper, etc.
Authors: Aleinikov A.G., Salova E.E.
<< Back: Signs of written speech
>> Forward: General provisions for document inspection. Rules for handling documents - material evidence
We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:
▪ Control and revision. Crib
▪ National history. Crib
▪ History of world religions. Lecture notes
See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.
Read and write useful comments on this article.
<< Back
Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:
The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven
09.05.2024
Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>
Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5
09.05.2024
Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>
Energy from space for Starship
08.05.2024
Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>
| Random news from the Archive Portable speaker Sony Extra Bass SRS-XB33
16.05.2020
Sony has introduced a portable speaker Extra Bass SRS-XB33. It may also be of interest to those who spend time outdoors and place high demands on the endurance of electronic devices. The shock-resistant housing and IP67 rating make the Extra Bass SRS-XB33 a good choice for such cases.
From the younger model Extra Bass SRS-XB23, the Extra Bass SRS-XB33 speaker differs in shape, large size and weight. At the cost of increasing the size to 97 x 106 x 246 mm and weighing up to 1,1 kg, the designers were able to double the battery life, that is, the column works without recharging up to 24 hours.
The configuration and characteristics of the Extra Bass SRS-XB33 do not differ from the Extra Bass SRS-XB23. A pair of X-Balanced loudspeakers with non-circular cones and a pair of passive radiators are responsible for sound reproduction. The declared range of reproducible frequencies is 20-20 Hz. The Bluetooth 000 interface is used for connection. The list of supported profiles includes A5.0DP, AVRCP, HSP, HFP and SPP, while the list of codecs includes SBC, AAC and LDAC. For charging, use the USB-C port. Cable included.
The price of the new item is $150. Four color options are available.
|
Other interesting news:
▪ There is less and less oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere
▪ Plasma with ultra-fast cooling mechanism
▪ Logitech G604 Lightspeed Gaming Mouse
▪ Sleep monitor
▪ Forests of the future
News feed of science and technology, new electronics
Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:
▪ section of the site Power supply. Article selection
▪ photosynthesis article. History and essence of scientific discovery
▪ article Do mammals lay eggs? Detailed answer
▪ article Poisoning, general principles of diagnosis and medical care. Health care
▪ article Low-frequency amplifier on the TDA1514 chip. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
▪ article Overturning bottles. Focus secret
Leave your comment on this article:
All languages of this page
Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews
www.diagram.com.ua
2000-2024
Arabic
Bengali
Chinese
English
French
German
Hebrew
Hindi
Italian
Japanese
Korean
Malay
Polish
Portuguese
Spanish
Turkish
Ukrainian
Vietnamese