Poisoning, general principles of diagnostics and medical care. Health care

FUNDAMENTALS OF FIRST AID
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Poisoning, general principles of diagnostics and medical care. Health care

Fundamentals of First Aid (OPMP)

Poisoning - a disease that develops when chemicals enter the body in toxic doses that can cause a violation of vital functions and endanger life.

They are predominantly distributed household poisoning, including accidents - by erroneous ingestion of household chemicals, insecticides, medicines, etc.; in case of their improper use and storage in containers from alcoholic and other drinks; alcohol intoxication and suicidal poisoning, undertaken intentionally by mentally unbalanced persons.

Accidental household poisonings include biological intoxication, developing with the bites of poisonous insects and snakes, as well as food poisoning, which are of two types: chemical etiology, for example, when plant or animal poisons are ingested, and infectious - when using products contaminated with pathogenic bacteria.

Childhood poisoning is especially dangerous - when young children, attracted by the appearance of medicines or their packaging, swallow brightly colored, often sugar-coated tablets.

Rare cases possible medical poisoning in medical institutions - in case of an error in the dosage of the drug or the wrong way of its introduction into the body.

A special place is occupied industrial poisoning, which, unlike household ones, are predominantly chronic in nature and occur when safety regulations are not observed at chemical enterprises, in laboratories.

The entry of a toxic substance into the body is possible not only through the mouth, but also through the respiratory tract (inhalation poisoning), unprotected skin and mucous membranes, by injection or injection into the rectum, vagina, external auditory canal.

Diagnosis of poisoning is aimed at establishing the chemical etiology of diseases. It consists of three types of events:

1) clinical diagnostics based on the anamnesis data, the results of the examination of the scene and the study of the clinical picture of the disease;

2) laboratory toxicological diagnostics aimed at the qualitative or quantitative determination of toxic substances in the biological media of the body (blood, brain, etc.);

3) pathomorphological diagnostics necessary to detect specific post-mortem signs of poisoning by any toxic substances; it is carried out by forensic experts.

First aid should be directed to the following:

1) stopping the intake of a toxic substance;

2) removal of poison from the body;

3) decrease in the action of a toxic substance;

4) maintaining the basic vital functions of the body.

Authors: Aizman R.I., Krivoshchekov S.G.

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