How does a seismograph measure earthquakes? Detailed answer

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How does a seismograph measure earthquakes? Detailed answer

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How does a seismograph measure earthquakes?

When we think of an earthquake, we imagine buildings collapsing, giant cracks opening in the ground, and so on. What can be measured here? An earthquake is a shaking or vibration of the earth's surface. And these fluctuations are measured.

The cause of an earthquake is usually a "shift" in the rocks of the earth's crust, a fault along which one rock mass rubs against another with great force. Most of this gigantic energy causes vibrations in the rocks. These vibrations can travel thousands of miles and so the Tokyo quake can be detected and measured in England. Earthquake vibrations consist of three or more types of wave vibrations that are transmitted at different speeds through the rocks of the earth's crust.

Primary waves oscillate longitudinally; secondary - transversely; and long waves are transmitted over the surface of the earth. Longer waves move more slowly, but they have a larger span and are the cause of all the visible destruction. Instruments called seismographs are located in various places around the world to record the vibrations of the earth's crust on a daily basis, because it is never at rest. Recordings from two or more seismographs help seismologists locate the location of an earthquake.

A seismograph is a carefully suspended weight that remains stationary when the rest of the instrument vibrates under the influence of an earthquake. In other words, this weight, hanging from a fixed rack, remains stationary during an earthquake. But the stand on which it is fixed moves, and a paper tape is attached to the stand, under the load. As the tape moves, the load leaves a record on it. The recording on the tape captures the time of arrival of the wave, the strength of the oscillation, and may even indicate the direction from which the wave came.

Author: Likum A.

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

Which city in the world is the largest?

a) Mexico City.
b) Sao Paulo.
c) Mumbai.
d) Honolulu.
d) Tokyo.

Honolulu - although this question is slightly tricky. According to the Hawaiian State Code, adopted in 1907, the city and district of Honolulu are a single and indivisible municipality. The district includes not only the rest of the territory of the main island of Oahu, but also all the other northwestern islands of Hawaii, stretching across the Pacific Ocean for 2400 km.

Thus, Honolulu occupies the largest territory compared to other metropolitan areas - 5509 sq. km, - and this despite the fact that its population is only 876 people. Seventy-two percent of the urban area is covered by sea water.

The most populous city in the world is Mumbai (formerly Bombay): 12,8 million people living on an area of 440 sq. km. km (just imagine: 29 people per square kilometer!). If we include the suburbs, then Tokyo will be the most populous city - 042 million people per 35,2 square meters. km.

Although Honolulu is the state capital of Hawaii, the city itself is by no means located on the island of Hawaii. It is located on the island of Oahu, which is much smaller and has a much higher population density. Hawaii is the most isolated of the major cities in the world.

The islands of the Hawaiian archipelago are the protruding points of the largest mountain range in the world. Hawaii is the only US state where coffee grows. More than a third of pineapples come to us from Hawaii, and the Hawaiians themselves are considered the world's largest consumers of stew per capita, passing seven million cans through their Hawaiian stomachs annually.

The wild popularity of canned meat is a mystery, although it is most likely due to the large military presence of the US Army and Navy during the war and the fact that canned meat is a very convenient thing during hurricanes. Fried rice with stew is considered a classic of Hawaiian cuisine.

The Hawaiian Islands were discovered by Captain Cook in 1778 and renamed the Sandwich Islands - in honor of Cook's patron Sir John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich. Cook himself accepted death from the Hawaiian natives in 1779.

In the early 1900th century, the islands were known as the Kingdom of Hawaii. And although in 1959 Hawaii became an American territory, and in XNUMX - the fiftieth state of the United States, they still remain the only American state where the British "Union Jack" flaunts on the national flag.

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Burger King Restaurants of Tomorrow 31.10.2020

The concept of new restaurants with contactless delivery of orders was demonstrated by Burger King. They are planning to open next year.

New restaurants in the company were called "restaurants of tomorrow". Burger King noted that they were created "from scratch, without a preconceived notion of what a Burger King restaurant should look like."

Restaurants are made in two design options, while the sites will be 60% smaller than the existing ones. In the first version, they will be equipped with special lockers, from where you can pick up an order without contacting the staff of the institution. Food will be delivered to the cells directly from the kitchen. Visitors will receive a special "key" with which they can open the desired section and pick up food when they place an order through the official application. A similar solution is used in KFC restaurants in Japan, where they are also interested in contactless delivery of orders.

Outside, they will also be equipped with multiple order and pick-up points. Visitors will be able to park their cars in the so-called "drive-in area" and place an order through the official app. At the same time, they scan the QR code of their parking place, and employees deliver the order to their car. If customers or delivery services place orders through the app in advance, they may park on the side of the road. In this case, it will be necessary to notify employees of the location in advance, and the food will also be delivered to the vehicle.

It is also planned to place pick-up points for pedestrians and visitors on bicycles outside and make an outdoor dining area for those who want to eat on the territory of the restaurant.

The second design option is for restaurants in urban areas with heavy traffic. At such facilities, it is planned to build a hanging kitchen above the roadway. Orders to cars will be delivered by conveyor belts. There will be a separate place for ordering on each lane.

According to representatives of Burger King, when using the design from the second option, 100% contactless interaction is provided. However, there will also be an area for customers who want to eat at the restaurant, but it will be smaller in area than in the existing network facilities.

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