Seismograph. Drawing, description

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Seismograph. Children's Science Lab

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The seismograph consists of a pendulum, for example, a steel weight, which is suspended on a spring or thin wire from a stand firmly fixed in the ground. The pendulum is connected to a pen that draws a continuous line on a paper strip. With rapid vibrations of the soil, the paper shakes along with it, while the pendulum with the pen remains motionless by inertia. A wavy line appears on the paper, reflecting the vibrations of the soil. A curve on a paper tape mounted on a slowly rotating drum under a pen that draws a line is called a seismogram.

Seismograph

The operation of a seismograph is based on the principle that freely suspended pendulums during earthquakes remain almost motionless. The upper seismograph captures horizontal, and the lower seismograph records vertical vibrations of the earth.

Three red drums about 20 cm high are seismograph receivers at a modern seismic station. The standing drum receives vertical oscillations of the soil, on one of the lying drums oscillations are noted in the north-south direction, on the other east-west. The device standing nearby registers the slowest underground shifts, which are not amenable to the other three receivers. The readings of all four instruments are transmitted to complex electronic devices for recording seismograms.

In 1891, one of the strongest earthquakes ever experienced in Japan devastated vast areas west of Tokyo. An eyewitness described the destruction as follows: "Deep failures formed on the surface; the dams that protected the lowlands from floods collapsed, almost all the houses were destroyed, the mountain slopes slid into the abyss. 10000 people died, 20000 were injured."

Seismograph

Seismogram of the earthquake that shook November 8, 1983 at 1 o'clock. 49m. Belgium, the Netherlands and North Rhine - Westphalia, recorded by the seismic station of Hamburg. The top curve shows vertical vibrations, the bottom curve shows horizontal vibrations. The earthquake killed two people.

Japanese geologists who studied the consequences of this catastrophe were surprised to find that there was no clearly defined epicenter. The surface was cut by an almost straight fissure about 110 km long, as if cut into two parts by a giant knife, and the edges of the cut were shifted relative to each other. “The earth,” one of the geologists reported, “is torn into huge blocks and raised. It looks like a trace left by a giant mole. The streets and roads are torn apart, multi-meter gaps gape at them; two trees, which had previously stood side by side in the east-west direction, now found themselves at a fair distance, and along the north-south axis. The earthquake moved one of them to the north, the other to the south."

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