|
Arabic
Bengali
Chinese
English
French
German
Hebrew
Hindi
Italian
Japanese
Korean
Malay
Polish
Portuguese
Spanish
Turkish
Ukrainian
Vietnamese|
Lecture notes, cheat sheets
History of state and law of foreign countries. Byzantium. Development of feudal relations (most important)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) Byzantium. Development of feudal relations The rise of the Byzantine Empire should be associated with 395 BC At this stage in history, the Emperor Theodosius I divided the Roman state into two parts - eastern and western. Constantinople (the name of the old Greek city of Byzantium) became the capital of the eastern part of the empire. From IV century. Feudal relations began to develop in Byzantium. This process was slow compared to other countries of medieval Europe. During the formation of feudal relations in the field of agriculture, slaves receive land and implements for use. At the same time, they are obliged to pay half of the harvest in favor of their masters. Free peasants are given under the patronage of large landowners. It should be noted that starting from IV to. A number of innovations were included in Roman law, especially in Byzantium, indicating a transition to feudalism. It should be noted that various groups of the population, primarily colons, were attached to individual professions and corporations. From the XNUMXth century colon - an already dependent tenant, and the degree of his dependence increases. Slaves planted on the ground were considered slaves, but in fact turned into serfs. They farmed on small plots, and the previously free tenants began to gradually descend to the position of slaves planted on the land. With regard to the punishability of certain criminal acts, the colony, like people of the lower classes in general, occupy a position close to slaves. Feudal relations are also developing in cities. Artisans are attached to their colleges. The children of craftsmen are obliged to follow their father's profession. A new stage in the development of feudal relations in Byzantium is VI-VII centuries. - Slavic tribes invade the Eastern Roman Empire. Begins active the process of Slavic colonization of these lands. They settle in vast territories: 1) in Thrace; 2) in Macedonia; 3) in most of Northern Greece; 4) in Dalmatia; 5) in Istria. It should be noted that the Slavs retain their ancient communal orders in the new lands and for a long time resist all attempts to establish feudal oppression over them. With their support, the free peasant class is being revived among the indigenous population of Greece, and the old peasant community is rising. At the same time, large estates are decreasing. Peasants attached to the land are disappearing. Slavic colonization contributed to the destruction of the slave-owning order and accelerated the process of feudalization of Byzantium. The final formation of feudal orders falls in Byzantium on IX-XI centuries. Large landowners and military nobility ("dinats" - strong) seize peasant lands, subjugate rural communities, achieve a new attachment of peasants to the land. Since that time, in the Byzantine village, the main character on the feudal scene has become serf. As for the cities, the same strict control over crafts is established in them as in other European countries. It should also be noted that the state began to practice, starting from the 11th century, the distribution of lands for service, similar to how it was done under Charles Martel - among the Franks. And just as it was with the Franks, proniari (as the beneficiaries were called in Byzantium) seek to turn their official estates into inalienable estates, acquire administrative and judicial power over the population. Summing up the review of the process of formation and development of feudal relations in Byzantium, let us say that it proceeds in a special way - through the gradual elimination of slavery and its remnants. Author: Selyanin A.V. << Back: History of State and Law as an academic discipline >> Forward: State system in Byzantium
The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven
09.05.2024 Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5
09.05.2024 Energy from space for Starship
08.05.2024
▪ Neural noise helps you learn ▪ Revolutionary nuclear fusion technology ▪ Sony Inzone Surround Sound Gaming Headsets
▪ section of the site For a beginner radio amateur. Article selection ▪ article by Al-Maali (Key-Kavus). Famous aphorisms ▪ article Which world-famous drummer plays after losing his left arm? Detailed answer ▪ article Let's talk about antennas? Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering ▪ article Box for the disappearance of coins. Focus Secret
Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews
www.diagram.com.ua |
We recommend interesting articles Section 
See other articles Section 
Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:
All languages of this page