History of state and law of foreign countries. Ancient China (most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Free library / Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

History of state and law of foreign countries. Ancient China (most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Table of contents (expand)

Ancient China

The emergence of the state in ancient China is associated with the fact that in XVIII century BC uh. union of tribes known as Yin, completed the conquest of another tribal union. The head of the victors became "king".

Archaeological data testify that all types of agricultural equipment of that era are widely used in the Yin state:

1) a plow and a plow (with a metal coulter);

2) harrow;

3) hoe, etc.

Agriculture has become the main industry. There are crafts, trade and money circulation.

A great contribution to the development of Chinese statehood was made by a dignitary Shan Yan. Yes, in the middle 4th century BC uh. On his initiative, a reform was carried out, as a result of which:

1) the free sale and purchase of land was legalized;

2) men living in the same house and leading a common household were ordered to separate;

3) in the course of the said reform, the old districts were also liquidated and a new division was introduced everywhere. There were such units of administrative-territorial division as counties. In the interests of government control over the population, mutual responsibility was preserved and strengthened.

Every five peasant families made up the original cell - the so-called. five-yard. It was headed by a headman, responsible to the state for the behavior of each of his people. Further, five five-yards made up a “village”, five “villages” - a clan, etc. This principle of “fives” was transferred to the army, where the soldiers were bound by mutual responsibility. In this case, all five were responsible for the offense of one. Characterizing Chinese criminal law, it should be noted that it has finally established principle of group responsibilitywhen the punishment was extended to the innocent. AT 209 BC uh. A huge uprising broke out. The result of this internal unrest was the overthrow of the existing ruling dynasty Qin. A certain weakening of the position of the peasants was also noted. In this case, the slaves were freed, and the communities were given back the right to choose their own elders. In the field of law, a mitigation of criminal sanctions has been noted. To sum up the above-mentioned transformations in China, it should be said that the reforms Shang Yana were successful. The disintegration of the community was inevitable and natural. The state, in turn, only contributed to this process.

It should be noted that Ancient China is a typical example of oriental despotism.

China was divided into regions and counties, headed by two officials:

1) civil governor;

2) military governor.

Considering the state structure, it should be borne in mind that the intervention of the central government in the affairs of government has become all-encompassing. Taxation and tax policy are distinguished by detailed thoughtfulness and clear regulation.

During the reign of the Han dynasty (II century BC - II century AD), the following is introduced into the state practice of China:

1) sale of positions;

2) a system for filling positions after passing an exam.

These measures made it easier for merchants, usurers, and wealthy artisans to penetrate the state apparatus to the detriment of the old nobility and forever closed access to management to people from the people. In the last centuries BC and in the first centuries of the new era, Chinese society and the state developed along the path from slavery to feudalism. Slaves were planted on the land, peasants were transferred to the category of tenants and dependent workers.

In 18 BC. e. as a result of the popular uprising, slavery in China:

1) part of the slaves was freed,

2) a law was passed prohibiting the killing of slaves without trial.

Author: Selyanin A.V.

<< Back: Civil War North and South

>> Forward: Acts of reconstruction. Congress

We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:

▪ Summary of works of Russian literature of the XIX century

▪ Criminal law. General and Special part. Crib

▪ Informatics and information technologies. Crib

See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven 09.05.2024

Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>

Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5 09.05.2024

Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

Random news from the Archive

Black nitrogen, analogue of graphene 06.06.2020

Employees of the University of Bayreuth managed to create "black nitrogen", which disappears when the pressure drops. With their development, scientists have proved that nitrogen is no exception to the rules of the periodic table of Mendeleev.

As part of the work, experts were able to refute the special status of nitrogen. Under laboratory conditions, scientists at high temperature and high pressure from nitrogen created a structure that is characteristic of black phosphorus. "Black nitrogen" is similar in conductive properties to graphene.

The result of the study is promising for use in high-tech electronics. The main disadvantage of "black nitrogen" is that it turns back into normal nitrogen at reduced pressure.

Other interesting news:

▪ With age, memory begins to work differently.

▪ Flash 11: browser games will not yield to console games

▪ A device for measuring the gravity of an asteroid

▪ New exoplanet search tool launched

▪ Strength Shirt

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the site Microphones, radio microphones. Article selection

▪ article by Marilyn Monroe. Famous aphorisms

▪ article How many times is the temperature of a thermonuclear reaction higher than the temperature of the visible surface of the Sun? Detailed answer

▪ article Pharmacy laurel cherry. Legends, cultivation, methods of application

▪ article Manufacture of a welding transformer. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article A semi-permeable partition retains sugar and allows water to pass through. Chemical Experience

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews