History of state and law of foreign countries. Conquest of America (most important)

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History of state and law of foreign countries. Conquest of America (most important)

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America's conquest

The American mainland was open to conquest and subsequent exploitation in 1492 by Christopher Columbus, a navigator in the Spanish service. The Spaniards came first to these infinitely rich lands. Using their military superiority, and even more gullibility of the natives - the Indians, they poured blood on these unfortunate vast territories - from Of Mexico to Tierra del Fuego.

Spanish first strike taken over by Indian tribes West Indies: Cuba, Haiti, Puerto Rico. A few years after the conquest, there were practically no Indians here: they were all exterminated.

В 1518-1521 Spanish armed detachment led by Cortes captured Mexico, destroying the ancient Aztec society and "state". The Aztec capital was reduced to ruins filled with decaying corpses.

Ten years later, the conquest began of South America. His first victim was the "empire" of the Incas, located on the territory Peru. towards the middle XVI century. huge spaces of South America passed to the Spanish crown. The most difficult thing was to conquer Argentinawhere the Indians waged a merciless struggle against the oppressors. AT XV century. began to appear in South America the first Portuguese settlements that marked the beginning of enslavement Brazil.

American colonies Spain were under the control of the viceroys (by the beginning of the war of independence there were four of them: Peru, New Granada, La Plata и New Spain) and captain generals. During XVIII century. the administrative and political structure of the colonies changed more than once: captaincy generals were transformed into viceroyalties, some other territories received a more independent status, etc. 1776 BC, for example, the viceroyalty was created Rio de Plata, which included Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia, Uruguay. In the next 1777 Venezuela received the statute of the captaincy general, which she previously had Cuba (since 1764), and then Chile (since 1776) etc.

The viceroys, like the captain-generals, were subject to provincial governors; cities and rural districts were ruled by officials of lesser ranks. Management was centralized from top to bottom. At the very top were, of course, the royal government Spain and the so-called Supreme Council for Affairs Indialocated in the capital Spain - Madrid.

In the process of colonization America in the Caribbean, on the islands West Indies, in Portuguese Brazil Plantation slavery became widespread.

In areas of the old agricultural culture, where, by the time of the conquest, the disintegration of tribal relations led to the formation of rural communities with a system of self-government familiar to them, the use of the so-called encomienda turned out to be most advantageous. Rural communities inhabited by Indians were transferred to the "care" of landowners-landlords, allegedly in order to prevent the Indians from falling away from the Christian faith. The landowners got the opportunity for semi-slavish, semi-feudal exploitation of the Indians. Usually, these latter were subject to heavy dues in favor of their owners.

The state itself acted as a direct exploiter, levying a poll tax from the natives, involving them in compulsory labor service in mines, plantations, construction, etc. The Indians were forbidden to change their place of residence. Some part of the Indians was turned into semi-feudal tenants who paid part of the crop for the land.

Since XVI century., but especially in the XVII-XVIII centuries. Peonage - debt bondage - is developing. Through loans, which were impossible to repay, not only an individual worker, but also his entire family were enslaved, and the enslavement was hereditary.

Author: Selyanin A.V.

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