History of state and law of foreign countries. Constitutional monarchy in England (most important)

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History of state and law of foreign countries. Constitutional monarchy in England (most important)

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Constitutional monarchy in England

The powers of the crown to govern the state gradually transferred to the main advisers of the monarch, or rather were exercised by the latter on his behalf. They formed a kind of “internal” Privy Council, or cabinet of royal ministers. By virtue of the principle of parliamentary supremacy, the House of Commons could, through impeachment and bills of disgrace, bring to justice those responsible for failures in foreign and domestic policy. Thus, a number of statesmen appeared before the court of parliament. Over time, a clear distinction was made between the Privy Council and the Cabinet. If in the reign of the queen Anna the latter still met under her chairmanship, then under the first monarchs of the Hanoverian dynasty it began to sit in their absence. The German princes considered their stay on the English throne to be a pure coincidence.

They focused all their attention on their ancestral domain. The absence of the monarch from cabinet meetings was significant:

1) the possibility of direct pressure on ministers was excluded;

2) he abstained from discussing issues of national importance.

In this case, the king had to deal not with the heads of individual departments, but with a relatively united group of majority leaders in parliament, in relation to which the principle of collegial responsibility applied. Although the members of the cabinet were officially recognized as servants of the crown, “his majesty’s ministers,” the king could no longer dismiss a dignitary he did not like, as this would mean an inevitable government crisis, and the head of state would have to make a proposal to form a government to those who had just been removed from power leaders of the parliamentary majority.

However, subsequently the crown enjoyed very significant, and in some cases, absolute power. IN con. XVIII - beginning XIX century. The influence of the monarch on the outcome of the elections and on the subsequent course of behavior of members of parliament was so great that almost all prime ministers held their posts thanks to their election by the crown.

In the convened George I 271 officials in the civil service and completely dependent on the crown sat in parliaments, during the George II - 257, and after the 1782 BC reforms - still 109. B 1715-1835 the government has never lost an election campaign. The monarch also had a huge influence on the personal composition of the cabinets. The king had equally significant freedom when dismissing ministers. So, in 1801 и 1807 he demanded that the cabinet give a written promise never to introduce a bill in Parliament to abolish political restrictions on Catholics. The bill, already discussed in the House of Commons, was withdrawn. Since the ministers did not provide the required assurance, they were dismissed. IN 1834 BC the government fell again at the behest of the king. During the period under review, there was no rule according to which a negative outcome of a parliamentary vote meant the mandatory fall of the cabinet. In such cases, with the support of the monarch, the government could remain in power for a long time. IN 1785 BC for example, despite the fact that the House of Commons passed five resolutions of no confidence, the government did not resign. WITH 1834 by 1840 BC Lord Melbourne's cabinet was defeated in parliament 58 times and still continued to govern the country.

So in XNUMXth century England The foundations of a dualistic monarchy were laid, which in political terms was a consequence of a compromise between the nobility and the bourgeoisie. The real balance of power of the allies was revealed in the share of booty that was captured by them after the expulsion of the Stuarts.

Author: Selyanin A.V.

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