History of state and law of foreign countries. Cromwell's Protectorate. Revival of the monarchy in England (most important)

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History of state and law of foreign countries. Cromwell's Protectorate. Revival of the monarchy in England (most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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Cromwell protectorate. Resurgence of the monarchy in England

The civil war sharply worsened the situation of the masses. Thus, the bourgeoisie and gentry shifted all their problems onto the shoulders of the people. The agricultural policy of the Long Parliament also caused great dissatisfaction. Another step that caused unrest in certain sections of the population is the fact that in 1645 BC Feudal obligations of the owners of knightly lands in favor of the crown were completely abolished; only such payments in favor of the landlords were preserved. There was also a sale of royal lands, estates of rebellious lords and the church in the interests of the bourgeoisie and gentry. The discontent of the masses was also caused by the lack of religious and political freedom in the country. Unrest began in the army due to the fact that soldiers demanded democratic reforms.

Cromwell it was difficult to suppress these demonstrations.

December 16, 1653 the mighty Council of Officers proclaimed Cromwell Lord Protector England, and also developed the country’s constitution - “The Instrument of Governance”. Legislative power belonged to a lifetime appointed Lord Protector and a unicameral parliament. The head of state approved bills adopted by parliament and, in emergency circumstances, could issue laws himself. Considering the state apparatus England During this period of history, it should be noted that the executive power was vested in the Lord Protector.

Thus, he had the following powers:

1) appointed officials;

2) conferred titles and titles;

3) enjoyed the right of pardon (with the exception of those convicted of murder and treason);

4) was in charge of international affairs;

5) with the consent of the majority of members of the government (State Council), could declare a state of war and conclude peace;

6) between sessions of Parliament, the Lord Protector was in sole command of the army and navy;

7) under certain conditions, he introduced and collected taxes by his own power.

Parliament - the legislature England - was to be convened once every three years. Those who owned property worth £200 were given the right to vote in elections. Considering the administrative-territorial division of the country, we note that Cromwell divided the country into 11 military districts, power in which passed to major generals personally responsible to him. The last years of the Lord Protector's reign were an open dictatorship.

England gradually began to restore the monarchy. The reason for this was the limited social base of the English revolution, which hindered the development of the monarchy. Thus, the bourgeoisie could maintain its position only by making concessions to the feudal nobility. The alliance between them was enshrined in the Declaration of Breda 1660 BC (according to this document Charles II granted forgiveness to all persons who took part in the fight against the king, if they promise to be loyal subjects within 40 days from the date of publication of this act). This declaration proclaimed freedom of conscience - for the first time in the history of European countries at that time. The monarch vowed to recognize as valid all deals concluded during the revolution. Estates confiscated from the crown were subject to unconditional return Charles II without any compensation from his side. However, the king did not get his property back. IN 1661 BC A parliament was convened and, due to the predominance of supporters of the king in it, received the name Kavalersky. Due to his corruption, he also earned the nickname Pensioner. Relying on it and taking advantage of the temporary support of the bourgeoisie, Charles II ruled almost autocratically. He begins to form his own army.

Author: Selyanin A.V.

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