History of state and law of foreign countries. Early feudal France (most important)

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History of state and law of foreign countries. Early feudal France (most important)

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Early feudal France

At the end of the 9th century. feudalism became the dominant socio-economic structure. The highest nobility seized almost all communal lands and enslaved the peasants. The kings distributed letters of immunity. Its owner acquired administrative and judicial power over the inhabitants of the area. Even an official of the king could not appear in this territory without the permission of the lord. Immunity certificates gave their holders the opportunity to apply non-economic coercion to the peasants on an unlimited scale. Dukes, counts often shied away from their vassal duties to the king.

Spiritual feudal lords, bishops and abbots, received power from the Pope. The act of taking office was accompanied by a ceremony called investiture. Belonging to the feudal estate was determined by birth. Every feudal lord between the ages of 18 and 20 was required to undergo a rite of knighthood. In the presence of relatives, he was given a sword and spurs. During such a ceremony, the vassal took an oath of allegiance to the lord, who gave him the "kiss of peace." This rite was called homage. Knights formed the backbone of the king's army. At their own expense they purchased a horse and equipment. In peacetime, competitions (tournaments) were regularly held in which they demonstrated their ability to use weapons. The baldric, knight's belt and golden spurs were the insignia of a knight.

The peasants occupied the very last step in the social pyramid of feudal society. The community still survived, but became dependent on the feudal lords. In France, for a long time, the main form of exploitation of the peasants - serfs was corvee, and its duration gradually increased. In addition, they were taxed in cash in favor of the landowner. Personally free villan peasants paid chinsh to the landowner for the use of the land. Extreme need, and sometimes excessive piety, forced many free peasants to transfer themselves to the disposal of the church, the monastery. Such persons were called oblates. In favor of the church, tithes were collected from the peasants from all types of products. There were other forms of feudal dependence of the peasants. In mixed marriages of people of different classes, children inherited the lower social position of their parents. Without the consent of his master, a serf could not marry, change his place of residence, transfer part of his property to another.

В IX-XII centuries. Labor productivity in the village has increased noticeably. A characteristic manifestation of the development of social relations was the separation of crafts from agriculture, which contributed to the development of cities, especially in the south of France. Another positive factor accelerating the development of commodity-money relations is the revival of trade and the increased influx of peasants into the cities. Anyone who lived in the city for a year and one day was considered free. The peasantry suffered primarily from feudal fragmentation, anarchy, unrest and endless wars; the development of trade and the growth of cities were delayed. Almost every county and duchy levied duties on goods transported. All this infringed on the interests of merchants. The feudal secular and spiritual nobility (dukes, counts, abbots of large monasteries) recognized the power of the king very conditionally. Their possessions had their own administration, court, and their own coin.

Summarizing what has been said, we note that fragmentation of the feudal state - a natural phenomenon, but during this period there was a certain improvement in the tools of labor, which led to an increase in labor productivity.

Author: Selyanin A.V.

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