History of state and law of foreign countries. Periods of Change in the Republic of China (Most Important)

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History of state and law of foreign countries. Periods of Change in the Republic of China (Most Important)

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Periods of change in the ROC

Throughout XNUMXth century. China was still quite a feudal state, although the sprouts of bourgeois relations were already, of course, very noticeable. Despite their stagnant, conservative character, feudal relations were in deep crisis. In the middle XNUMXth century China became a victim of colonialism England, France и USA. In the so-called first Opium War 1842 England, having won an easy victory over China, imposed on him the predatory Treaty of Nanjing, according to which China undertook to open five of its best ports for European trade, conveyed England Hong Kong, waived the right to establish protective duties above the tariff indicated to him.

Following this, unequal treaties were imposed China the United States and France. Second Opium War started England (1856-1860), opened up new opportunities for the penetration of European capital into China.

В 1851 BC, after numerous uprisings and unrest that took place in the 40s, a peasant war began in China, known as the Taiping Uprising.

В 1853 BC a large Taiping army takes the city of Nanjing and makes it the capital of a new state based on the principles of "general welfare.

The initially favorable course of hostilities was suspended due to a split in the camp of the rebels; by the end 50-x years, the dominance of conservative and partly degenerated elements of the movement was more and more determined. The discipline of the Taiping army is falling. The Beijing (Qing) government took advantage of all this China. Through England и France the Taiping rebellion was crushed (1864).

The struggle to eliminate feudal remnants and foreign invaders did not end with the suppression of the Taipings. It was continued by numerous anti-feudal and anti-Manchu movements, the most powerful of which was the famous Yihetuan uprising. 1900 BC

Suppressed by the joint intervention of the imperialist powers (England, Germany, France, etc..), the Yihetuan uprising left a deep mark on Chinese history. 5 years have passed and the revolution 1905 BC в of Russia essentially opened a new stage in the anti-feudal and anti-imperialist struggle in China. In the same 1905 BC Chinese revolutionary Sun Yat-sen creates the "Union League" as a political organization that expresses the interests of the national bourgeoisie and the bourgeois intelligentsia.

В 1911 BC The Union League raised an uprising, but it was suppressed. However, after a few months, in October 1911, revolutionary organizations prepared and carried out an uprising in Wuchang and took possession of this large industrial center. This was the beginning Xinhai Revolution of 1911 The uprising spread from one province to another. During the revolution, the peasantry, workers and soldiers united to fight against the hated Qing regime. Crowded territories were liberated, a new government was established.

The leadership of the revolution was in the hands of the liberal bourgeoisie. Under its influence and pressure, the republican governments of the provinces and the "Allied League" had to come to an agreement with the reactionary landowners and the military, whose head turned out to be General Yuan Shikai.

In January 1912 Yuan Shikai and the generals of his army eliminate the Qing monarchy. National Assembly (March 1912) elects president Republic of China Yuan Shikai and adopts an interim constitution.

The revolution was defeated, but it abolished the monarchy and drew significant masses of the working people into the revolutionary conscious struggle. In this regard, it serves as a kind of prologue for the turbulent political events that began in 1919 BC

Author: Selyanin A.V.

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