History of state and law of foreign countries. The political system of Rome in different periods of its existence (the most important)

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History of state and law of foreign countries. The political system of Rome in different periods of its existence (the most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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The political system of Rome in different periods of its existence

Political history Ancient Rome divided into two major periods:

1) a republic;

2) an empire.

The Roman Republic lasted for about five centuries, from VI to I century. BC uh. The central bodies of the republic were the following bodies.

1. Senate - the highest government and administrative institution. Formally, he had no legislative rights. On any issue, the Senate passed its judgment, opinion. Legally, his decisions were not binding on magistrates and popular assemblies. In practice, he had great authority. He could declare a state of emergency in the country. The slave-owning class saw it as the most important institution of the state, designed to protect their interests.

2. People's Assemblies - were considered legislative bodies. They were of three types:

1) meetings by centuries - decided the issue of war and peace, elected senior magistrates, adopted or rejected laws, granted citizenship, and were the highest court of appeal for those sentenced to death;

2) territorial tribe meetings - the influence of the plebeians prevailed here. Such meetings were called plebeian gatherings. Over time, the role of these assemblies increased, especially in the field of legislation, since their decisions did not require approval by the Senate. Plebeian gatherings resolved issues of admission to the highest positions of magistrates from among the plebeians. Later, these assemblies began to issue laws binding on all citizens;

3) curiat comitia - under the clan system they played an important role, but after the emergence of the state they lost it. They resolved issues of marriage and family relations, inheritance, and religious rites.

3. Magistrates. Day-to-day executive and administrative power was in the hands of the magistrates. The orders of the magistrates were considered binding on all citizens. They could veto the decisions of their colleagues. Magistrate positions were elective, fixed-term and gratuitous. The magistrates included censors, elected for 5 years. They compiled lists of citizens according to property qualifications, on the basis of which taxation was carried out.

The highest positions were occupied by representatives of a narrow circle of noble families. They also owned large tracts of land.

During the empire period, the initial period of the monarchy was called Principate, subsequent - dominant. Characteristic features were that the army of officials multiplied - military, civil, courtiers. The branched apparatus of the secret police operated. Informers on political matters received a quarter of the property of the convicts. The role of the people's assemblies has diminished. The magistrates effectively became officials of the princeps. Immense power was concentrated in the hands of the emperor: the issuance of laws, command of the army, the highest administrative and judicial power. He was considered the chief guardian of religion.

Dominat - the era of absolutely unlimited power of one person, expressing the interests of the largest slave owners. During the imperial period, the police were reorganized. If earlier she was subordinate to the consuls and aediles, then the princeps established the post of prefect of the city, endowed with broad powers to protect public order. He was subject to police cohorts, obliged to supervise the slaves. A special prefect led the city's fire brigade. The legate was at the head of the provincial police. It should be noted that the Roman Empire perished due to the crisis of its economic foundation, the process of decentralization, separatism, as well as slave uprisings and attacks by Germanic tribes.

Author: Selyanin A.V.

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