History of state and law of foreign countries. Development of the state in the Czech Republic (the most important)

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History of state and law of foreign countries. Development of the state in the Czech Republic (the most important)

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Development of the state in the Czech Republic

The Czech state arose at the beginning IX century. and did not last long - until the Hungarian invasion 906 BC Then the Czech Principality enters history, where, by the middle X in. An early feudal state takes shape. IN 1055 BC The Czech principality breaks up into appanages, and in the end XII century. to the prince Premysl I succeeded in restoring the state unity of the Czech Republic.

В XIV century. The class nobility assembly, the Sejm, was replenished with representatives of the cities. The transformation of the Sejm into a closed estate-feudal body contributed to the struggle for the throne.

The state structure of the Czech Republic developed along the path of noble democracy until the peasant war broke out, known as the Hussite revolutionary movement. The main force behind the movement was the famous Taborite army. Taborites (from the city of Tabor) considered themselves members of one Christian community based on equality and brotherhood. In this community, some fought, others delivered food and weapons. Attempts by the German emperor and the pope to suppress the Hussites ended in crushing defeats for the crusading armies. The anti-feudal war threatened to spread to Germany and Poland. The Emperor and the Pope decided to make concessions. Having come into contact with the right, conservative wing of the Hussites, they reached an agreement known as "Prague compacts". In addition to various purely ecclesiastical institutions, freedom of religion was affirmed, the secularization of church property was allowed, and ecclesiastical jurisdiction over criminal cases was abolished. But the demands for which the Taborites fought were not satisfied. Former allies of the Taborites - wealthy burghers and petty nobles were pleased with the agreement. They went over to the side of the emperor. At Lipany Tabor went out to his last battle with the world of oppressors and was defeated. At the same time, Emperor Sigismund, the organizer of the Crusades against Bohemia, entered Prague to become the Czech king.

One of the earliest monuments of the law of Bohemia and Moravia at the end XII century. are Statutes of Conrad Otto. Their full text has not been preserved; from the contents of the passages it is clear that these statutes were records of customary law. They were intended for the rulers of the regions - zhupans, who had administrative and judicial functions. Prince Otto Znoymsky, publishing a code book, wanted to strengthen the grand ducal power, limit the self-will of local feudal lords. The pans sought to secure for themselves the granted lands (beneficiaries) into hereditary estates. The statutes freed the clergy from the jurisdiction of secular power. They kept the ordeals ("God's judgment"). Feudal lords could send dependent people to the ordeals. If the serf did not stand the test and died, then the master was obliged to pay for the established amount. Most of the articles are devoted to procedural law. But there are separate articles on crime and punishment. Theft from a noble person was punishable by death with confiscation of property. A hard fate awaited the debtor, who did not appear in court on time on a claim for the return of a debt. The lawyer mentions a judicial duel, but only strangers were allowed to fight with clubs. The articles of the Code of Law make it possible in general terms to recreate the palace and patrimonial system of the Grand Duke. At the head of the princely cities and estates was kastelan (grad zupan). His duties included collecting and commanding the militia, collecting taxes, and administering justice. His assistant was ruler - steward of princely estates. Together with members of the city squad, he dealt with court cases. The control over the execution of court decisions and the collection of fees were entrusted to Komornik.

Author: Selyanin A.V.

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