History of state and law of foreign countries. Electoral reform in England 1832 (most important)

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History of state and law of foreign countries. Electoral reform in England 1832 (most important)

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Electoral reform in England 1832

In the period under review, power in the state was seized by the landed aristocracy. At the moment, the Upper House (House of Lords) was hereditary. This allowed the aristocracy to have a direct influence on legislation for a long time. The lords had a decisive influence on the elections in the cities, buying votes. Huge amounts of money were spent on this. The local government of England, as before, was concentrated in the hands of justices of the peace. These positions ended up in the hands of the titled aristocracy. It should be noted that in England in this period of history there was no mass, professional bureaucratic corps, the ruling circles, with the help of local governments, managed to create a numerous and fairly effective mechanism of power, which included about 180 thousand people. So, only lord lieutenants, assistant lord lieutenants, sheriffs, etc., there were 7,6 thousand people. To this must be added 10 jurors. There were 14 thousand towns in the country, in each of which there were constables, church elders, overseers of roads and the poor, and tax collectors. We also note that the command staff of the army and navy in the vast majority of cases was formed from representatives of the nobility.

The alliance of the English bourgeoisie with the landed aristocracy did not mean that the nobility always and in everything pursued a policy that satisfied its partner. The ruling elite was primarily concerned with the interests of a narrow cabal of land magnates. The industrial revolution ended in the middle XIX century., significantly changed the balance of forces in favor of the bourgeoisie. She began to seek a redistribution of power that would correspond to her increased importance. The bourgeoisie sought to establish its dominance in the House of Commons. But thanks to the archaic electoral system, the lower house of parliament was in the hands of the landed aristocracy. In cities, electoral qualifications were not the same: in some, membership in corporations or guilds was required, in others, payment of taxes and duties, in others, marriage to the daughter of a person who enjoyed the right to vote, etc.

Approved in July 1832 Act for the Improvement of Representation of the People в England и Wales deprived of representation in parliament 56 seats and all those cities in which there were less than 2 thousand people. Settlements, where from 2 to 4 thousand people lived, now began to elect only one deputy. As a result, 143 seats were vacant in the House of Commons. They were distributed as follows: 62 seats were given to counties, 63 to cities, and 18 to Scotland и Ireland. Simultaneously with the redistribution of vacancies, a new electoral qualification was introduced. The right to vote in parliamentary elections was given to those inhabitants of the counties and cities who owned property that brought in 10 pounds sterling of income a year. As a result of the transformations that took place, the number of those who enjoyed the right to vote increased very slightly: in the counties it rose from 247 to 376 thousand, and in the cities - from 188 to 256 thousand people. The situation of the masses has hardly improved. However, when considering this issue, it should be noted that the electoral reform 1832 BC was of great importance, as it was the victory of the entire class of capitalists over the landowning aristocracy. Also, this reform related to the representation of the interests of the people in the ruling circles England, was a significant achievement in the development and formation of English statehood.

Author: Selyanin A.V.

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