History of state and law of foreign countries. Education in Italy (most important)

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History of state and law of foreign countries. Education in Italy (most important)

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Education in Italy

Through the ages Italy, fragmented, poorly managed, nevertheless rich, served as the prey of large European powers - at first Frankish monarchy and Germany, then (from the end of the XNUMXth century) of France и Spain. Last one time (since 1559) succeeds in almost completely eliminating France and establish direct control over the Italian states.

populace Italy more than once they rose up to fight against foreign oppression and feudal reaction, but without success. domination Spain strengthened the feudal elements, helped the absolutist regimes to stay in power (the Medici in Florence, petty tyrannies in Ferrara, Modena, Mantua etc.). In the interest of weakening Italy Spanish invaders prevented the political unity of the country.

Early XNUMXth century Austria managed to oust Spain of Italy and seize her possessions in that country, including Lombardin (with Milan at the helm) and Tuscany (with its capital Florence). This is where dominance is established. Austria (according to the Aachen Treaty 1748 BC).

The French Revolution and especially the successful campaign Napoleon в Italy (1796-1797) Finally, they created favorable conditions for the struggle of the advanced forces of the country for national liberation and unification, for the elimination of feudalism.

Tens of thousands of revolutionaries and patriots rallied all over Italy in secret alliances in order, every day, risking their lives, to prepare for the coming national revolution.

В 1820-1821 The Carbonari revolted Naples и Piedmont. These uprisings were suppressed by the troops of Metternich, the constitutions were destroyed.

Unification Struggle Italy gains momentum after the revolution 1848 BC in France. The wave of the national movement sweeps away the Austrian proteges in Parma, Modena и Tuscany. The Neapolitan king for the second time grants his subjects a constitution. The same is done by the pope in his area ("Pontificate"). However, the national liberation struggle ended in failure this time as well. Austria managed to restore its dominance in Italy, but not for long.

В 1859 BC, relying on a popular uprising in the Lombardo-Venetian regions, the Piedmontese government seeks cleansing Italy from the Austrian garrisons.

Outside the new state remained Naples and the Papal States. For the sake of their accession, the Piedmontese government entered into an alliance with the democratic liberation movement headed by Mazzini and the famous Garibaldi. Relatively small military forces Garibaldi, supported by the people, made a fantastically bold march that led to the fall of the Kingdom of Naples.

Austro-Italian War 1866 BC led to the release Venice and its accession to Italy.

Defeat Napoleon III in the war with Prussia expelled the French troops from Rome and Papal States (1870).

King Piedmont moved to Romedeclared capital Italy. A new state has appeared on the map of Europe.

The monarchic "Statute of Piedmont" became the Italian constitution. Adopted in 1848 BC The statute was drawn up with the expectation of the predominance of the king and the upper house (consisting of princes of the blood, bishops, high dignitaries, generals and other persons appointed by the king), the so-called senate.

Both the King and the Senate had an indefinite suspensive veto over bills. The appointment of ministers belonged to the king, he alone had full executive power, he had the right to initiate legislation, approve or reject laws, the right to pardon and mitigate punishment. The king commanded the army, concluded international treaties and declared war.

For all that, the political regime remained anti-democratic.

Author: Selyanin A.V.

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