History of state and law of foreign countries. French Colonial Empire (most important)

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History of state and law of foreign countries. French Colonial Empire (most important)

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French colonial empire

Colonial takeovers France peace started in XNUMXth century France had to wage a difficult and generally unsuccessful war with such competitors as Spain and Portugal... At the beginning XNUMXth century France manages to settle in Canada (Quebec). She then seizes islands off the coast. America and among them Martinique, Guadeloupepart Haiti and more

В XVII century. The French are making their first attempt to gain a foothold in Africa (Senegal) and Madagascar (from here they were soon expelled Malagasy - the indigenous population of Madagascar), make their way into India. The Seven Years' War ended with the Peace of Paris 1763 BC, crushed the French empire. All that was left of her were pitiful remnants - Martinique, Guadeloupe, a piece of land in Senegal. Canada, India and many other territories were lost to England.

New activation of colonial policy France belongs to the post-revolutionary period. AT 1830 France begins the conquest Algeria, which took about 20 years.

В 50-60s XIX century. France is forging its way into Indo-China, captures Khmer (Cambodia), expands holdings in Senegal, conquers Mauritania, asserted in the Pacific Islands (Marquesas, Tahiti).

The annexationist (colonial) policy reached its fullest scope in France from 1881. Its reasons lie in the rapid development of finance capital while industrial capital is weakening. Hence the inevitable need to export capital from the country to where its application can bring the greatest benefits (due to the cheapness of raw materials and labor).

В 1881 BC French army invades Tunisia. Moving deeper Africa, France captures its central regions lying in the basins of the Congo and Niger rivers, makes its way to the sources Nila. In the end, a huge colonial empire is created France в Africa: Senegal, Guinea, Western Sudan, Mauritania, Niger and others in West Africa; French Congo, Chad, Gabon в Equatorial Africa; Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco in North Africa.

В 1886 BC completed the conquest of Indo-China, 1895 France captures at last Madagascar etc. In 1870 BC the population of the French colonies was about 6 million people, by the beginning of the First World War - more than 55 million people.

The bulk of the French colonies were divided into four general governments: French West Africa, French Equatorial Africa, Madagascar, Indo-China.

Indo-China was considered the most populated (and richest) among the governor-generals. For ease of management, it was divided into several parts: Cochin China (South Vietnam), Thin (Northern Vietnam), Annam (Central Vietnam), Cambodia, Laos. Governor General Indo-China had supreme power over all local residents. The French authorities ruled South Vietnam directly. In Cambodia and Annam they allowed the existence of local dynasties.

placed in a special position Algeria. It was administered by the Ministry of the Interior (and not by the colonies). Government acts concerning Algeria, most often had the signature of the President of the Republic. The country was divided into three departments (Northern Algiers) and the southern territory.

Only after World War I (in 1919) the law granted citizenship to those native Algerians who participated in the war or had French insignia, owned land, read and wrote French.

В Tunisia и Morocco the French government kept the local monarchs.

bey of tunis remained nominally the head of the country, but none of his orders were valid without a visa (consent) of a French resident. The same was true in Morocco, where the nominal power of the Sultan was preserved.

Author: Selyanin A.V.

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