History of state and law of foreign countries. Arab Caliphate (most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Free library / Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

History of state and law of foreign countries. Arab Caliphate (most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Table of contents (expand)

Arab Caliphate

The emergence of the Arab caliphate falls on a period when social relations in Arabia in VI-VII centuries. (on the eve of the Mohammedan (Islamist) reformation) were very complex. At this stage of history, primitive communal relations dominated most of the country.

They were clearly manifested in the following aspects of public life:

1) family ties of members of the society;

2) blood feud;

3) in common ownership of land, etc.

In this case it is noted:

1) allocation and strengthening of the tribal nobility;

2) trade and usury are spreading;

3) the emergence of fairly large cities.

The peasant population, living in rural communities, like the bulk of pastoral tribes, opposed the transfer of land into private ownership, stood on the positions of social equality. In this situation, a doctrine is spreading that in a religious form proclaimed the injustice of the concentration of power in the hands of the tribal nobility, recognized the equality of free people bound by a new religion (regardless of tribal affiliation), and predicted a way out of the social crisis through conquests carried out under the flag of a religious war . The new religion - Islam - attracted to itself also by the fact that it limited the taxation of the population to a relatively small contribution in the amount of one fortieth of real estate. Another characteristic feature of this religion is its penetration, penetrating almost all spheres of public and state life. Muhammad became the prophet of Islam. With the transformation of Islam into the dominant religion, Muhammad became the de facto head of all Arabia, and his relatives and closest associates stood out as a special privileged stratum of Arab society. The formed religious beliefs formed the basis of Muslim law.

The main sources of Islamic law are:

1) sunnah (supplementing the Koran);

2) fatwa (a collection of statements by authoritative commentators on Islamic law);

3) decrees of the caliphs.

If necessary, it was allowed to issue verdicts on the basis of adata (customs), which are one of the sources of existing Islamic law. The close connection between law and religion meant that the believer, wherever he was, must follow Muslim laws and customs. It should be noted that from the first half of the XNUMXth c. united Arabia moves on to mass conquest. Using the weakening of their closest neighbors - Byzantium and Iran, the Arabs capture Palestine, Syria, Egypt, conquer Iran, extend their power to North Africa and southern Spain, the Transcaucasus and Central Asia. A huge Arab power is formed, known as Arab Caliphate. The city became its center Baghdad. A significant mass of the Arabian population moved to the new lands. The Arab nobility, without breaking with slavery, began to quickly switch to a feudal way, acquiring estates and serfs. Most of the conquered lands were turned into state property. The peasants who sat on it were obliged to pay the land tax as hereditary tenants. The spiritual and secular head of state was Caliph. The combination of the highest secular and ecclesiastical authorities in one person is an important feature of the caliphate, giving it the character of a feudal-theocratic state. Among the highest officials of the state, the first place belonged to the vizier. So-called office sofas are becoming important. The regions were headed by emirs appointed by the caliph. With the beginning of the feudal disintegration of the caliphate, many of them turned into independent feudal rulers. The villages and cities were headed by sheikhs appointed by the government.

Author: Selyanin A.V.

<< Back: Lawyer Stefan Dushan. Breakup of Serbia

>> Forward: Islamic law

We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:

▪ Microeconomics. Crib

▪ Customs law. Crib

▪ Enterprise economy. Lecture notes

See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven 09.05.2024

Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>

Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5 09.05.2024

Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

Random news from the Archive

Door to the world of dreams 01.01.2005

Swiss doctors from the University Hospital in Bern examined a 73-year-old woman who had suffered a stroke. The only thing that the disease affected was that the woman stopped having dreams, and before that she watched them every night, long and very interesting.

Such cases have occurred before, but usually with some side effects (for example, the victim also lost the ability to recognize acquaintances in the face). A study on magnetic resonance imaging showed that part of the visual cortex in the right hemisphere of the brain was affected. Apparently, this area is responsible for the appearance of dreams.

Another observation on a Swiss patient refutes or at least casts doubt on the well-established theory according to which dreams occur during moments of active movement of the eyeballs under the eyelids of the sleeping person.

These movements were preserved in the patient after the stroke, but there were no dreams. However, about three months after the stroke, the woman's dreams reappeared, but they are rare and their intensity is reduced. As is known, other brain functions after a stroke are also often restored, although not completely, due to the transfer of functions to the remaining healthy parts of the brain.

Other interesting news:

▪ Wood is stronger than steel

▪ Written on nails

▪ Cholesterol Tracking Tool

▪ Sony 84" 4K TV

▪ Rumors about the demise of CRT displays did not materialize

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the site House, household plots, hobbies. Article selection

▪ article And everywhere fatal passions, and there is no protection from fate. Popular expression

▪ article What is the law of free fall? Detailed answer

▪ article Personnel of operating units. Standard instruction on labor protection

▪ article Network timer with a delay of 5 minutes. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article LED indicators. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews